1、BSISO4112:2025CerealsandpulsesGuidanceonmeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulkbsiNationalforewordThisBritishStandardistheUKimplementationofISO4112:2025.ItsupersedesBS4317-26:1991,whichiswithdrawn.TheUKparticipationinitspreparationwasentrustedtoTechnicalCommitteeAW4,Cerealsandpulses.Alistofor
2、ganizationsrepresentedonthiscommitteecanbeobtainedonrequesttoitscommitteemanager.ContractualandlegalconsiderationsThispublicationhasbeenpreparedingoodfaith,howevernorepresentation,warranty,assuranceorundertaking(expressorimplied)isorwillbemade,andnoresponsibilityorliabilityisorwillbeacceptedbyBSIinr
3、elationtotheadequacy,accuracy,completenessorreasonablenessofthispublication.Allandanysuchresponsibilityandliabilityisexpresslydisclaimedtothefullextentpermittedbythelaw.Thispublicationisprovidedasis,andistobeusedattherecipientsownrisk.Therecipientisadvisedtoconsiderseekingprofessionalguidancewithres
4、pecttoitsuseofthispublication.Thispublicationisnotintendedtoconstituteacontract.Usersareresponsibleforitscorrectapplication.TheBritishStandardsInstitution2025PublishedbyBSIStandardsLimited2025ISBN9780539291353ICS67.060CompliancewithaBritishStandardcannotconferimmunityfromlegalobligations.ThisBritish
5、StandardwaspublishedundertheauthorityoftheStandardsPolicyandStrategyCommitteeon30June2025.Amendments/corrigendaissuedsincepublicationDateTextaffected、ISOInternationalStandardISO4112Thirdedition2025-06CerealsandpulsesGuidanceonmeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulkCerealesetIegumineusesDirect
6、ivesgeneratespourIemesuragedelatemperaturedesgrainsentreposesenvracdanslesinstallationsdestockageReferencenumberISO4112:2025(en)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO2025Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,orrequiredinthecontextofitsimplementation,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedotherw
7、iseinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,orpostingontheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO,smemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester.ISOcopyrightofficeCP401Ch.deBlandonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone:+
8、41227490111Email:copyrightiso.orgWebsite:www.iso.orgPublishedinSwitzerlandPageContentsForewordivIntroductionv1 Scope12 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions14 Principle15 Apparatusandsystem25.1 Positioningthemeasuringpoints5.1.1 Graintemperaturesensors5.1.2 Warehousetemperaturesensors5.1.3 Airte
9、mperaturesensors5.2 Temperaturereadings5.2.1 Frequencyofreadings5.2.2 Particularrequirementsforventilatedwarehouses7Temperaturerecords7.2Calibration4Annex A (informative)Temperature-readingdevices5Annex B (informative)Layoutoftemperaturemeasuringpoints6ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStan
10、dardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationa
11、lorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmentabinliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.TheproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheI
12、SO/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.ThisdocumentwasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seewww.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiontothepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayi
13、nvolvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocument.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepre
14、sentthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatwww.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntaryna
15、tureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),seeWWW.isoQrgisoforeword.htmLThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC34,Foodproducts,Subc
16、ommitteeSC4,Cerealsandpulses.Thisthirdeditioncancelsandreplacesthesecondedition(ISO4112:1990),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.Themainchangesareasfollows:theterm“warehouseanditsdefinitionhavebeenadded;一theapparatusfortemperaturemeasurementhavebeenmodified;一thetemperaturesensorsandthermometricsystemfor
17、storedgrainhavebeenadded;一thelayoutoftemperaturemeasurementpointshasbeenmodified;一thewirelesscommunicationtechnologyandnetworkingtechnologyhavebeenadded;Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody.Acompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatwww.iso.org/membnrs.ht
18、mLIntroductionGrainstorageplaysacrucialroleinensuringfoodsecurity.Thephysiologicalprocesseswhichoccurwithinamassofstoredgrainareaccompaniedbytheemissionofheat,andtheexternalenvironmentalfactors(e.g.hotclimate,ventilation)canalsocausegraintemperaturechangesinbulkstorage.Asaresult,thetemperatureoftheg
19、raincanreachalevelatwhichseriouspermanentdeteriorationinthecommercial,technologicalandfoodpropertiesofthegrainwilltakeplace.Itisthereforenecessarytodetectandmeasureanyoverheatingduringstorageandtotakeimmediateremedialmeasures,suchasventilationandcooling,sincelateremedialmeasureswill,inmostcases,have
20、noeffect.Inbulkstorage,suchdamageisoftenintheinitialstages,localizedandaffectsonlyasmallproportionofthegrainstored.However,suchdamage,althoughlocalizedintheinitialstages,canspreadtootherregionsofthestoredgrainifnotcheckedintime,easilyresultinginlarge-scalemildewcontaminationandpestinfestation.Thecon
21、sequencesofanyoverheating,evenifitislocalized,arealwaysserioussinceitispossiblethatabatchofthegrainwillhavetobemarketedatreducedpricesorcanevenbecomeunsaleablebecauseofthepresenceofdamagedgrain.Becauseoftheever-increasingdemandforgrainofgoodqualityandtheprolongedperiodsofbulkstorage,itisimportanttoc
22、heckthetemperatureofthegrainfrequently.Theuseofthermometricequipment,basedonalargenumberofmeasuringpoints,isanappropriatetechniquetomeetthisobjective.Ontheotherhand,manualtemperaturemeasurementisalsoaneffectivewaytomonitorthehealthstatusofbulkgraininhorizontalwarehouses,evenforlong-termstorage.Therm
23、ometricequipmentisalsonecessarytoenablecorrectcoolingbyventilationtobecarriedout.Suchcooling,usingsuccessivestepsof5to7C,canbeeconomicallyemployedincoldclimates.At0thephysiologicalactivityofgrainisinsignificantevenwhenitsmoisturecontentisclosetothemaximumrecognizedinternationally.BSISO4112:2025Cerea
24、lsandpulsesGuidanceonmeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulk1ScopeThisdocumentgivesguidanceonthemeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulkinstoragebuildings,silosoranyotherwarehouses,includingdetectionapparatus,temperaturesensors,layoutoftemperatureprobes,digitaldisplayofresultsandmeasure
25、mentoperationsteps.2 NormativereferencesTherearenonormativereferencesinthisdocument.3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:一ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:W
26、WW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:/WWW.electropedia.org/3.1graincerealgrainsand/orseedsofpulses3.2bulkstoragestorageofgrain(3.1)unpackagedinlargequantitiesNote1toentry:Forexample,insilo,squatsiloandgrainstoragebuildings.3.3warehousestructureorbuildingforgrainstoragewithbasicrequirement
27、sforsafestorageEXAMPLESilo,squatsilo,horizontalwarehouse,largesizehorizontalwarehouse,multi-storiedwarehouse.3.4thermometricsystemforstoredgrainsystemformonitoringthestoredgraintemperatureinbulkstoragef3.2)jwhichisimplementedbymeansofcomputer,communicationnetworkandelectronictechnology4 PrinciplePla
28、cingaseriesofthermometricprobesthroughoutthemassofstoredgraintodetectormonitorchangesintemperature.5 ApparatusandsystemThetypeofapparatusandmeasurementsystemorinstallationshallbesuitableforthesizeandshapeofthewarehouseaswellasthestorageperiod.Forexample:a) forshort-termstorage,usethefollowingapparat
29、us:1) aportableapparatus,forsmallwarehouses;2) asemi-fixedorretractableapparatus,forhorizontalwarehouse,i.e.warehouseswithextensivefloorareasandlimitedheight;3) apermanentinstallation,forverticalwarehouse(silos);b) forlong-termstorage,useameasurementsystem.Temperaturemeasuringpointsshouldbearrangedf
30、orthewholewarehouseaccordingtoacertainstandard(6.1)andconnectedviaawiredorwirelesscommunicationtechnology.Computersorotherdetectionapparatusshouldbeusedformonitoringthegraintemperatureinawarehouseoragraindepot,resultingintherecord,display,queryandanalysisofthetemperaturevalue.Theapparatus(system)sha
31、llcomprisethepartsgivenin51to515.2.1 Thermometriccables(probes),oneormore,usuallyconsistingofarigidtubeorflexiblecable(5.2)withoneormoretemperature-sensingdevices5.3),togetherwiththeirrespectiveoutputconductors,whicharehousedinthetubeorcable.Whentheprobeisburiedinthemassofgrain,itsresponsetimetoreac
32、hasteadytemperaturereadingshallnotexceed3min.Thematerialsusedtofabricatethethermometricprobesshallberesistanttoproductsemployedforfumigationandtodamagebyrodents.Flexiblecablesuspendedinsilosshouldbeanchoredatthebottomofthewarehousetopreventdislocationduringloading.Theupperendsofcablesshouldbeanchore
33、donthesiloroofthroughthereservedholesontherooforhungonthehooksinsertedtheceiling.Theupperendsoftheflexiblecablescanbeconnectedtothecontrolcabinet.2.2 Flexiblecablesorrigidtubes,ofappropriatelengthanddiameter,madeofglassfibre,metalorothersuitablematerialand,particularlyforverticalwarehouses,havingthe
34、strengthandrigiditytoresisttheveryhightensileandcompressiveforceswhichoccurwhenthewarehouseisfilledandemptied.NOTEForcesonthetubesorcablesincreasewiththeirdiameter,depthofburial,andmovementofthegrainduringloadingandunloading.Tensileforcesofupto50kNcanoccur.Asmalldiameterhastheeffectofreducingthestra
35、inatfasteningpointsandsimplifyingtheanchoragesystem.Conversely,largerdiametersgivegreaterrigidity,whichisparticularlyimportantforverydeepwarehouses.2.3 Temperaturesensors,consistingofathermistor,athermocoupleanaloguesensor,adigitaltemperaturesensororanyotherelectricaltemperature-sensingdevicecapable
36、ofdetectingchangesintemperatureoftheorderof0,5C,withaworkingrangeupto70andalowerlimitappropriateforthelocalambienttemperatures.2.4 Thermometricinstruments,withtemperaturedetection,resultdisplayandrecord.Theyshallbematchedwiththethermometrycables(probes)atthemeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainthrou
37、ghthedirectwiredconnectiontooneormorethermometriccables(probes),orthewirelessremotemonitoringoutsidethewarehouses(seeAnnexA).2.5 Thermometricsystemforstoredgrain,tomonitorthegraintemperatureinthebulkstorageviacomputer,communicationnetworkandelectronictechnology.6 Procedure6.1 Positioningthemeasuring
38、points6.1.1 GraintemperaturesensorsThelayoutofgraintemperaturesensorsshallbesuitablefordifferentwarehousesforlong-termstorage.Forhorizontalwarehouses,thethermometriccablesshallbenomorethan5mapartfromeachotherinanydirection.Temperaturesensorsshallbeverticallyspacednomorethan2m,andshallbeplaced:一appro
39、ximately0,3mto0,5mbelowthesurfaceofthegrain;一approximately0,5mto0,8mabovethefloor;一approximately0,5mto0,8mapartfromthewalls.Forsiloslthethermometriccablesshallbearrangedinaringwithaspaceofnomorethan5mhorizontallyandnomorethan3mverticallyfromeachother.Theyshallbeplaced:一approximately0,3mto0,5mbelowth
40、esurfaceofthegrain;一approximately0,8mtoLomabovethefloor;一approximately1,5mto2,0mapartfromthewalls.Measuringpointsinotherwarehousesshouldbearrangedaccordingtotheaboveprinciples(seeAnnexB).Forshort-termstorage,agrainstoragebuildingcanbedividedintoseveralareas,andeachareaisnomorethan100m2.Fivemeasuring
41、pointsshallbeplacedatthecentreandfourcornersinonearea.Agrainbulkshouldbeverticallyarrangedintosomelayersaccordingitsheight.Forexample,agrainbulkshallhave:一twolayersifitsheightislessthan2m;一threelayersifitsheightisapproximately2mto4m;一fourlayersifitsheightisapproximately4mto6m;一morelayersifitsheighti
42、smorethan6m.Thespaceofthemeasuringpointsbelowthegrainsurface,abovethefloorandapartfromthewallsinhorizontalwarehousesandsilosshallbeconsistentwiththeprinciplesforlong-termstorage.6.1.2 WarehousetemperaturesensorsThelayoutofwarehousetemperaturesensorsshallbesuitablefordifferenttypesofwarehouses.Ineach
43、horizontalwarehouse,onetemperaturesensorshallbeplacedinthecentreofthespaceabovethegrainsurface(designedgrainloadingsurface).Eachsinglesiloandstarsiloshallbeequippedwithonetemperaturesensorlwhichshallbelocatedinthecentreofthespaceabovethegrainsurface(designedgrainloadingsurface).Warehousetemperatures
44、ensorsinotherwarehousesshallbearrangedaccordingtotheaboveprinciples.6.1.3 AirtemperaturesensorsAnairtemperaturesensorshouldbeplacedinthethermometershelterabout1,5mabovethegroundintheopenareaoutsidethegrainwarehouse.6.2Temperaturereadings6.2.1 FrequencyofreadingsIfthegrainisinunfavourablestoragecondi
45、tions,readthetemperaturesatthemeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainatfrequenttimeintervals(e.g.every24h).Forfavourablestorageconditions(dryandcoldgrain),thefrequencyofreadingsmaybereduced(e.g.toonceaweek)Personsresponsibleforstoragefacilitiesshalldeterminethefrequencyoftemperaturereadings,takinginto
46、accountthenatureofthestoredproduct,themoisturecontentoftheproduct,theseasonoftheyear,thedegreeofinsectinfestationoftheproduct,etc.6.2.2 ParticularrequirementsforventilatedwarehousesReadandrecordthetemperaturesatthevariousmeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainusingthefollowingprocedure:a) Iftheventila
47、tionisnotinoperation,carryoutaninitialtemperaturereadingandthenventilatethegrainfor30minto45min,dependingontheheightofthewarehouse.Measurethetemperatureoftheventilationairattheinlet.NOTEDuringthisshortperiodofventilation,theairatanyhotspotpresentrises,thusheatingtheupperprobe(三).b) Carryoutasecondte
48、mperaturereadingafterventilation,correctingthevalueobtainedwherenecessarytotakeaccountofthetemperatureoftheventilationair.Iftheresultobtainedbetweentheinitialandsecondtemperaturereadingsisapproximately5orabove,ahotspotcanbepresumedtobepresentandthereisariskofdamage.Provisionsshallbemade(servicecontracts,reservesofspareparts)toensurethattheupperprobesareneveroutofcommissionforlongerthan24h.7Temperaturerecords7.1 GeneralThetemperaturerecordsshallindicatetheapparatusused,thetemperaturesrecordedatthevariousmeasuringpoints,andthe
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