1、ENISO13947December2024EuropeanstandardNormeeuropeenneEuropaischenormICS77.160EnglishVersionMetallicpowders-Testmethodforthedeterminationofnon-metallicinclusionsinmetalpowdersusingapowder-forgedspecimenISO13947:2024Poudresmetalliques-MethodedessaipermettantdeMetallpulver-PriifverfahrenzurBestimmungvo
2、ndeterminerlateneureninclusionsnonmetalliquesnichtmetallischenEinschlusseninMetallpulverndanslespoudresmetalliquesaaided,uneeprouvetteanhandeinerpulvergeschmiedetenProbe(ISOfrittee-forgee(ISO13947:2024)13947:2024)ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon24November2024.CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeC
3、EN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.ThisEuropeanStand
4、ardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).AversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cr
5、oatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandUnitedKingdom.富EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFO
6、RSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATIONEuropaischeskomiteefurnormungCEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040BrusselsRef.No.ENISO13947:2024E2024CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.ContentsPageEuropeanforeword3EuropeanforewordThisdocu
7、ment(ENISO13947:2024)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC119PowdermetallurgyincollaborationwithCCMC.ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyJune2025,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestby
8、June2025.Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody/nationalcommittee.Acompletelistingoftheseb
9、odiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Ital
10、y,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandtheUnitedKingdom.EndorsementnoticeThetextofISO13947:2024hasbeenapprovedbyCENasENISO13947:2024withoutanymodification.ContentsPageForewor
11、div1Scope12Normativereferences13Termsanddefinitions14Principle15Significanceanduse366.1Metallographicmicroscope37Testpiece38Procedure48.1 Preparationofspecimens48.2 Measurementofnon-metallicinclusioncontent49TeStreport410Precisionandbias5Bibliography6ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStanda
12、rdization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalo
13、rganizations,governmentalandnon-governmentabinliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.TheproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO
14、/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.ThisdocumentwasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seeWWW.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiontothepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinv
15、olvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocument.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotreprese
16、ntthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatwww.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatu
17、reofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTo)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),SeeWWWtSOQrgisoforeword.htmLThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC119,Powdermetallurgy,Su
18、bcommitteeSC2,Samplingandtestingmethodsforpowders(includingpowdersforhardmetals),incollaborationwiththeEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)TechnicalBoard,inaccordancewiththeAgreementontechnicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).Thisthirdeditioncancelsandreplacesthesecondedition(ISO1394
19、7:2011),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.Themainchangesareasfollows:一addedoptionofhardeningbyquenchingdirectlyafterforging.Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody.Acompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatwww.iso.org/membnrs.htmLMetallicpowdersTestmethodforth
20、edeterminationofnon-metallicinclusionsinmetalpowdersusingapowder-forgedspecimenWARNINGThisdocumentdoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyproblems,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisdocumenttoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesandtodeterminetheapplicabilityofregulat
21、orylimitationspriortouse.1 ScopeThisdocumentspecifiesametallographictestmethodfordeterminingthenon-metallicinclusionlevelinmetalpowdersusingapowder-forgedspecimen.Thistestmethodisapplicabletorepresspowder-forgedtestspecimensinwhichtherehasbeenminimallateralflow(1%).Thecoreregionofthepowder-forgedtes
22、tspecimenmustnotcontainporositydetectableat100xmagnification.Thistestmethodcanalsobeappliedtodeterminethenon-metallicinclusioncontentofpowder-forgedsteelparts.However,inpartswheretherehasbeenasignificantamountofmaterialflow,thenear-neighbourseparationdistanceneedstobechanged,ortheinclusionsizesagree
23、dbetweenthepartiesneedtobeadjusted.Thistestmethodisnotapplicablefordeterminingthenon-metallicinclusionlevelofpartsthathavebeenforgedsuchthatthecoreregioncontainsporosity.Atthemagnificationusedforthistestmethod,residualporosityishardtodistinguishfrominclusions.Toomuchresidualporositymakesameaningfula
24、ssessmentoftheinclusionpopulationimpossible.Thistestmethodcanalsobeappliedtomaterialsthatcontainmanganesesulphide(admixedorprealloyed),providedthenear-neighbourseparationdistanceischangedfrom30mto15m.2 NormativereferencesThefollowingdocumentsarereferredtointhetextinsuchawaythatsomeoralloftheirconten
25、tconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.ASTME3,StandardguideforpreparationOfmetallographicspecimensASTME768,Standardguideforpreparingandevaluatingspecimensforautom
26、aticinclusionassessmentofsteel3 TermsanddefinitionsNotermsanddefinitionsarelistedinthisdocument.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:一ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/4 Prin
27、cipleAsectionrepresentingthecoreregionofthetestspecimen(part)iscutfromthetestpiece(part)priortometallographicgrindingandpolishing;mountingthesectionisoptional.Thepolishedsampleisexaminedmicroscopicallyatamagnificationof100xandanoteismadeofinclusionsgreaterthanapredeterminedsize.ThemaximumFeretsdiame
28、terisusedtodetermineinclusionsize.AFeretsdiameterisacalliperdiameter,asillustratedinFigure1.Thefragmentednatureofsomeinclusionsmeansthattheirsizedeterminationissomewhatcomplicated.Theconceptofnear-neighbourseparationshallbeusedindetermininginclusionsize.Accordingtothisconceptifaninclusioniswithinace
29、rtaindistanceofitsneighbouringparticles,itisconsideredamemberofaninclusionclusteroragglomerate.Detectedfeatureswithin30mofoneanotherareconsideredpartofthesameinclusion(exceptmanganesesulphide,forthesulphides,thenear-neighbourseparationdistanceischangedfrom30mto15m).Theconceptisillustratedschematical
30、lyinFigure2.Thenon-metallicinclusionlevelofthetestspecimen(part)isreportedasthenumberofinclusions,per100mr112,greaterthanorequaltothepredeterminedsize.1maximumFeretsdiameter2Feret,sdiameterFigure1SchematicillustrationofFeret,sdiameterKey1maximumFeretsdiameterFigure2Schematicillustrationof“near-neigh
31、bourconceptandmaximumFeret,sdiameter5SignificanceanduseThenon-metallicinclusionlevelofferrouspowdersisanindicationofpowdercleanliness.Inpressedandsinteredferrouspowdermetallurgy(PM)materials,theextensiveporositypresentmaskstheeffectofinclusionsonmechanicalproperties.Incontrast,thepropertiesofaPMmate
32、rialprocessedtonearpore-freedensityarestronglyinfluencedbythecomposition,size,sizedistribution,andlocationofnon-metallicinclusions.Thetestfornon-metallicinclusionsinfullydensesteelpartsisusefulas:一acharacteristictoclassifyordifferentiateonegradeofpowderorbatchofpartsfromanother;一alot-to-lotqualityco
33、mparisonofpowdersintendedforpowderforging.Asignificantamountofvariationinnon-metallicinclusioncontentwilloccurif:一thepowderusedtoformthetestspecimen(part)doesnotmeettherequiredqualitystandardsfornon-metallicinclusioncontent;orprocessingofthetestspecimen(part)hasbeencarriedoutunderconditionsthatdonot
34、permitoxidereductionorallowoxidationofthetestspecimen(part),orboth.Theuseofthenear-neighbourconceptoffersamoreconservativeestimateoftheinclusions,itwilloverestimateratherthanunderestimatethem.6 ApparatusUsuallaboratoryequipmentforthemetallographicpreparationoftestspecimensappliesinadditiontothefollo
35、wing.6.1 Metallographicmicroscopemicroscopepermittingobservationandmeasurementuptoamagnificationof100usinglightwithawavelengthof544nm(greenfilter);anobjectivelenswithamagnificationrangingfrom8to12,5;一anumericalaperturebetween0,16and0,20.NOTEDefiningthelightopticsusedisimportantbecausethisdeterminest
36、hefeaturesthatwillberesolved,andalldetectedfeaturesareincludedintheassessmentofinclusionsize.7 Testpiece7.1 Fortheevaluationofthenon-metallicinclusioncontentofapowderthatisintendedforuseinpowder-forgingapplications,thepowdershallbemixedwithanappropriateamountofgraphiteandlubricantandcompactedtoaspec
37、ifiedgreendensity.Thetestmethodcoversrepresspowder-forgedtestspecimensinwhichtherehasbeenminimallateralflow(1%)sothediameterofthegreencompactshallbesuch,relativetothediameteroftheforgingdie,thatthisrequirementismet.7.2 Hardeningofthespecimenfacilitatessamplepreparationbypreventingsmearingofsoftinclu
38、sionsandscratching.Thiscanbeachievedinoneofthefollowingways.一Thespecimenisquencheddirectlyafterforgingatcomparablyhighertemperaturewhichisdeterminedbythematerialscharacter(meltingpointandtransformationtemperature).一Ametallographicsampleisremovedfromthepowder-forgedtestspecimen(part),heldatmaterialsa
39、ustenitizingtemperatureandquenched.7.3 Thepolishedsurfaceofthespecimen(part)tobeexaminedshallbenotlessthan350mm2inarea.Multiplesectionsarepermittedinordertoobtainthenecessaryareaformeasurementonsmallparts.7.4 Thepolishedsurfaceshallbeparalleltothedirectionofworking;thatis,paralleltothedirectionoftra
40、veloftheforgingtoolsandshallrepresentthecoreregionofthetestspecimen(part).8 Procedure8.1 PreparationofspecimensInpolishingthespecimens,itisveryimportantthatacleanpolishbeobtainedandthattheinclusionsnotbepitted,draggedorobscured.Therefore,theproceduresdescribedinASTME3andASTME768shallbefollowed.Autom
41、atedgrindingandpolishingproceduresarerecommended.Examinespecimensintheas-polishedcondition,freeoftheeffectsofanyprioretching(ifused).8.2 Measurementofnon-metallicinclusioncontent8.2.1 Surveyatleast350mm2ofthesurfaceofthepolishedspecimenatamagnificationof100xusinglightwithawavelengthof544nm(greenfilt
42、er),anobjectivelenswithamagnificationrangingfrom8xto12,5Xandanumericalaperturebetween0,16and0,20.8.2.2 Sizethedetectedinclusionsonthebasisofnear-neighbourseparation.Featureswithin30m(0,03mm)ofoneanotherat100xmagnificationareconsideredtobepartofthesameinclusion(forthemanganesesulphidenear-neighbourse
43、parationdistanceischangedfrom30mto15m).8.2.3 Forindividualfeaturesoflessthan30minsize,threesuchfeatureswithin30mofoneanotherarerequiredtoconstituteaninclusionaggregate,whenthenear-neighbourseparationprincipleisused.Forthemanganesesulphidenear-neighbourseparationdistanceischangedfrom30mto15m.8.2.4 Ad
44、danindividualfeatureoflessthan30minsizetoaninclusionlargerthan30m,providedbothfeaturesarewithin30mofoneanother(forthemanganesesulphidetwofeaturesshouldbewithin15mofoneanother),whenthenear-neighbourseparationprincipleisused.AnexampleisgiveninFigure2.8.2.5 Measureandrecordthenumberofinclusionparticles
45、accordingtotheprincipleofnear-neighbourseparationandsizedusingthemaximumFeretsdiameter,thatare:一greaterthanorequalto30minlength;一greaterthanorequalto100minlength;and一greaterthanorequalto150minlength.Inadditiontotheuseofthenear-neighbourseparationconcepttosizetheinclusions,thesizeoftheindividualpart
46、icleswithdistancelargerthan30mcanbemeasured(forthemanganesesulphidenearneighbourseparationdistanceischangedfrom30mto15m).8.2.6 Iftheinclusionsarealsosizedindividually,theinclusionsaresizedusingthemaximumFeretsdiameterasin8.2.5.Resultsfromtheuseofthenear-neighbourseparationconceptwillusuallybemorecon
47、servative(morelargerinclusions).9 TestreportThetestreportshallincludethefollowinginformation:a) referencetothisdocument(i.e.ISO13947:2024);b) thenumberofnon-metallicinclusionsper100mm2thatare:一greaterthanorequalto30minlength;一greaterthanorequalto100minlength;or一greaterthanorequalto150minlength;c) wh
48、ethertheparticlesweresizedindividually,inadditiontousingthenear-neighbourseparationprinciple;d) thetotalareaexamined;e) detailsofanyoccurrencewhichmayhaveaffectedtheresult.10 PrecisionandbiasTheprecisionandbiasthatcanbeexpectedthroughuseofthistestmethodisavailableinASTMB796.Bibliography1ASTMB796,StandardTestMethodforNonmetallicInclusionContentofFerrousPowdersIntendedforPowderForging(PF)Applications
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