1、TextCCombatingma1.aria:thedevi1.isinthemo1.ecu1.ardetai1.s抗击疟疾：潜伏在分子层面的魔鬼1. Ma1.ariaiscausedbyparasitesthataretransmittedtopeop1.ethroughthebitesofinfectedfema1.emosquitoes.P.fa1.ciparumis(hemostdead1.yma1.ariaparasiteandthemostpreva1.entinAfrica,wherema1.ariacasesanddeathsareheavi1.yCOnCeIMra1.ed.T
2、h。firstsymptomsofma1.ariafever,headache,chi1.1.sandvmi1.ing-usua1.1.yappearbetween10and15daysafterthemosquitobite.WithoutPromPItreatment.Rfa1.cipammma1.ariacanprogresstoseverei1.1.nessanddeath.弟族是由体内寄生虫导致的疾病感染了这种寄生虫的雌性蚊了通过叮咬将其传播给人类.恶性疟原虫是鼠致命的疟疾寄生虫，它在非洲最为流行，导致非洲成了疟疾病例及其死亡病例的券中地C疟疾的最初症状是发烧.头痛、麻战和呕吐，通常
3、在蚊子叮咬后10到IS天出现“如果不及时治疗,恶性疟原虫疟疾会进展为严重的疾病,甚至是死亡.2. WHOrccomnndsamu1.ti-prongedsratcgj,Ioprevent,contro1.ande1.iminatema1.aria.Keyin1.erventionsinc1.ude:IhCusefinsxticidcrea1.edmosquitonetsandindoorrcsiduu1.spraying,diagnostictesting,andtreatmentofCOnfirn1.Cdeaseswitheffectiveanti-ma1.aria1.medicines,!
4、nrecentyears,thesemeasureshavedra11utica1.1.y1.oweredthema1.ariaburdeninmanyse1.1.ings.Ma1.ariatransmissioncontinuesinmanycountriesaroundthewor1.dhowever、anicauseshundredsofthousandsofdeathseachyear.世卫组织建议采取多管齐下的策略来预防、控制和消除疟疾。主要干预措施包括：使用经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐及采取室内滞崩喷洒措脩诊断检验.使用有效的抗疟药治疗确诊病例.近年来，这些措施在许多地方都显著降低了疟疾造成
5、的负担，然而，在世界上许多国家，疟疾的传播仍在继续,每年造成数十万人死亡.3. Ma1.ariaremainsascourge,especia1.1.yIbrchi1.dren,and(he1.andscapeofcontro1.1.ingthedisease,much1.esseradicatingit.issti1.1.daunting.In2007.Bi1.1.andMe1.indaGatesca1.1.edong1.oba1.1.eaders(oembraceanaudaciousgoa1.-toreacha(hywhennohumanbeinghasma1.aria,easuretr
6、ansmission.Understandingthei11ectionbetweentheparasitesandtheirvectorsisa1.soessentia1.Someparasitesa1.terthebehavioroftheirhoststoincreasetheirtransmission,andCatoreu1.exp1.ore(hepossibi1.ity(hatPkNnodiw，iparasitesmanipu1.atethebehaviorofmosquitoestobenefitparasitetransmission.我们将从蚊媒一蚊子载体入手，蚊媒是疟原虫的
7、生命周期的一个重要环节，虽然杀虫剂和蚊帐的使用对控制疟疾至关重要，然少或阻断寄生虫从蚊子到人类宿主的传播仍然是一个十分有意义的研究领域,辛东等人解择了传播生物学，讨论了不同的实监室测量传播方法的利弊”J解寄生虫和它们的教体之间的相互作用也是必不可少的.为了剧加传播有些寄生虫可改变宿主的行为.Ca1.s等人探索了疟原虫操纵蚊子行为以利其自2传播的可能性。6. Movinginto(hehost,dynamicandhighreso!u(ionimagingbyDixonCIa1.has1.itera1.1.ygiveninsightintohowandwhyP.fa1.ciparumametoc
8、ytesundergoastrikingchangeinshapeduringmaturationwhereastherigidityofear1.ysiagegan)eiocy(esp)bab1.yaidssequestrationatsitesof1.owbkxi-t1.ow.Iatc-StagcWamCtoCyteSarcf1.exib1.eandareab1.etocircu1.ateintheb1.oodstream,bypassingnechaniai1.Gkeringmechanismsin(hesp1.eenof(hehost.Imeres1.ing1.y.asimi1.arp
9、rocessmayofferprotectionFromma1.ariainindividua1.swhohavehemog1.obinopathies(suchassick1.ece1.1.diseaseand-andtha1.assemia.CytoadhesionofinfectedCry1.hrOCyteSwithintheb1.(1.strcam.avoidingpassagethroughthesp1.een(andfi1.teringmechanisms),isassociatedwithpatho1.ogyofna1.aria.Cyrk1.affea1.describethei
10、mpaire1.cytoadhesionphenotypeofmtcctcdsick1.ecei1.and-tha1.assemicerythrocytesduetohostactinremode1.ing,whicha1.1.owsbypassofsp1.enicfi1.tering.狄克逊等人的动态和裔分辨率成像可以使人类“进入”蚊子体内世界，从而洞察到恶性疟原虫配子体在成熟过程中形态如何以及为何发生显著变化:虽然早期配子体的刚度可能有助于它们在低血流中位置上封存，后期配子却是灵活的，可在血液中循环流动，能弗通过其宿主眸脏的过泄机制.有趣的是.血红蛋白疾病(如愫状细胞病和和B-地中海贫血)
11、患者体内存类似的机制可以使它们对疟疾免疫。在血流中被感染的红细胞粘附在一起，从而无法通过脾(过滤机制),这是一个有关疟疾病理学的何麴Cyrk1.aff等人描述门I1.于宿主(寄生我体肌动蛋臼垂咽受损片致感染疟原虫的表里镰状细咆和-地中海黄血红细胞.的细胞粘附殳损，从而可以通过睥脏过游系统。7. Genomicandproteomicana1.ysisofPIaSmOdiumspeciescontinuestoexpandourunderstandingatthemo1.ecu1.ar1.eve1.,andthiswi1.1.assist(hediscoveryofnewdrugIarge1.s
12、Improvementingenomictechno1.ogieshasa1.1.owedHoC1.jmakCrSeta1.toprobeepigeneticmechanismsIha1.regu1.atechromatinS1.rUC(U1.eandaffectthedeve1.opmentandsurviva1.ofP1.asnuH1.iumwithinthehumanhost.Joneseta1.reviewpost-trans1.ationa1.modificationattheproteomic1.eve1.,discussingIheimportanceofPa1.mKOyIau
13、Ontheadditionofa1.ipidmoietytocysteineresiduesoftargetedproteins-inP1.asmodiumbio1.ogy.分子层面上的疟原虫的域因姐和蛋白质组学分析在不断加深我们对疟原虫的认识,这将有助于发现新的肥标药物.在基因组技术的改进使得hoeijmakcr、等人得以探讨网节染色质结构以及影响疟原虫在人类宿主体内的发育和生存的表现遗传机制。琼斯等人评论了在蛋白侦组水平上的翻译后修饰,讨论r的曼要性.林槐垢垃划分的洸辄酸残基衣.虫生物学。8. henecessityandimportanceofgenomicstudiesisfurthe
14、rhigh1.ightedbydiscussionofthech1.oroquineresistanceIransporter(PfCRT)byEckerca1.Ch1.oroquinewasthedrugofchoiceIbrP.fa1.ciparumma1.ariaforyears;unfortunate1.y,widespreaddrug-resistanceemerged,a1.thoughstudiesofPfCRTaresti1.1.usefu1.inpickingapart(hedeai1.sofantima1.aria1.drugresistance.Whaiisparticu
15、1.ar1.ydisturbingisthatmutationsatmu1.tip1.eresiduesofPfCRTa1.terparasitesusceptibi1.ity(oawiderangeofantina1.ariddrugs,emphasizingIbeneedtocontinuescreeningIbrtheappearanceofnove1./?/r；7a1.1.e1.es.ECkB等人探讨了我哮抗性转运,进一步强调了基因组研究的必要性和重要性。作为恶性疟的首选药物，筑哇的被使用多年：但不幸的是,虽然Pftrt研竞仍在挑选的抗定药物的耐药性的有用资料仍然出现了氯峰的广泛耐药,
16、特别令人不安的是，P1.cr1.多个成丛突变株改变了寄生虫对广泛的抗症药物的敏感性,强调fJ我新的Pfdn等位基囚的必要性C9. Ch1.oroquineresiseancehasnowbecomeaprob1.emingaiingP1.asnun1.iumvivax.(heoften,over1.ooked*human-infectiousP1.asnux1.imSP(Xm1.CtransmissiondynamicsofP.vivintin1.ime,bunhs1.ater.Thediseaseismostcommon1.ytransmittedbyaninfectedfema1.eAn
17、OPhCICSmosquito.Themosquitobi1.eIntnxiUCeSIhCparasitesfxmthe11Hsqui1.ossa1.ivaintoapersonsb1.ood.Theparasitestrave1.tothe1.iverwheretheymatureandreproduce.FivespeciesofP1.asmodiumcaninfandissaidIobethe1.argestIransparent1.yoperu1.edprivateIbIInda1.ionintheWodd.4Theprimaryaimsofthe砧U1.MkUiOnarc,g1.ob
18、a1.1.y,(oenhancehea1.thcareandreduceextremepoverty,andinAmerica,(oexpi11deducationa1.OPiX)r1.uni1.iesandaccesstoinfor11a1.iontechno1.ogy.Thetbunda1.ion,basedinSeatt1.e,WashingioiKiscontro1.1.edbyitsthreetrustees:Bi1.1.Gates,Mc1.iix1.aGa1.esandWarrenBuffe1.1.NewWordsvectorvckto(r)n.anyagent(personora
19、nima1.ormicroorganism)thatcarriesandtransmitsadisease生带菌者anniversary.xnx,3:snri|n.hedateonwhicma1.aria1.noIeorion.aninfectivediseaseCafriedbymosquitoeswhichcausesriodsoffeverIparasite(Xrnsa1.tn.asma1.1.anima1.orp1.antthat1.ivesonorinsidea1.argeranima1.orp1.ant,andgetsitsfoodfromit寄生物,寄生虫：寄生Ift物mxsqu
20、itomskiaon.asma1.1.f1.yinginsectwhichbitePeOP1.eandanima1.sinorder(osucktheirb1.ood蚊子insecticide)inscktsa1.dnachemica1.substancethatisusedtoki1.1.insects杀虫剂residua1.Iriz1.djuo1.adj.something1.eftaftero1.herpartshavebeentakenaway残余的；残国的n剩余:残渣Mrourgc1.sk3:djI11.so11e(hingcausingmiseryordeath火灾，灾难：苫难的根
21、源vt.causegreatPainandM1.ffbring1。PCmC使痛苦：严惩；鞭打：名贵eradicate(Irx1.kc1.V1.dcsiroycomp1.ete1.y,asifdowntotheroots5!StogeeridofCPmPMdy完全根除n.根除者：褴色灵(IauntingIdO:nti)adj.makingpeop1.efee1.s1.ight1.yafraidorworried令人1惧的：使人气馁的：令人怯步的V.威吓(daum的现在分网)：使气馁：使害怕：使失去信心embracembresvt.&vi.bo1.dHght1.y拥抱VtJnCIudeina1.a
22、rgergrouporcategory包拈：包含：acceptandstartsupportingorbe1.ievinginsomething接受：信奉n,拥抱.怀抱audacious(ode1.对MdisoSedIoYeIHUreOrIakermkS大腿的：目芥的；大胆创新的strideIstra1.dn.a1.ongStePinwa1.kingorrunning大步阔步vt&vi.wa!kwith1.ongsteps大踏步走；跨过anniversarytQ1.,3:SGri1.MhedateonwhichaneventQeCUrNdinSo1.nepreviousyear(or(heCd
23、eMwionOfiDWij.周年的;周年纪念的：年年的；好年的genomicd3iRnUm1.kadj.re1.atingtogenomes基因组的:染色体的mo1.ecuIar(no,1.ekjah(r)adj.re1.atingtoOfinvo1.vingInO1.eCUIeS分子的，由分子组成的facetI,fars1.t)n.asing1.epartoraspectofsomething小平面：侧面adistinctfeatureore1.ementinaprob1.em方面hosthos()n.;inanima1.orp1.antthatnourishesandsupportsapa
24、rasite寄主宿主anareawhere1.ivingthings,creatures1.iveandfeed生长地，栖息地assayBsei1aquantitativeorqua1.itativetestofasubs(ance(especia1.1.yanon?oradmg)todetermineitscomponentsft:试验Vt.化胎：分析vi.经检验证明内含成分manipu1.atemon1.pju1.e1.1.vt.nuenceorcon1.ro1.shrewd1.yordevious1.yf1.处理：巧妙地控制：conro1.(othersorOneSe1.f)orinf1
25、uenceski1.1.fu1.1.y,usua1.1.y(0onc,sadvantage操纵treatmanua1.1.y,aswithmassage,forIherapeu1.icpurposedtreatmanua1.1.y,aswithnmssage.fortherapeuticpurposedK推拿,调整dynamic(da1.mem1.kadjqfOrnekning1.odynamics动态的:动力的,动力学的veryactiveandCnCrg以M,充满活力的.精力充沛的：不断变化的n.anefficientincentive动力.动态maturation(.m*v1.uHr1
26、Jning(0fu1.1.deve1.opment.Jrigidityr1.d3i(h1.1.n.hcqua1.itycfbeingrigidandrigomuS1.ysCVerC严格：刚直：thephysica1.propertyofbeingstiffandresistingbending型硬.刚性sequestration,si:kwostrc1.nn.scizingPrOPCnythatbe1.ongstoSomeOnCe1.seandho1.dingitunti1.profitspaythedemandforwhichitwasseized抵押扣押,没收circu1.ates3:k
27、jd1.c1.tvtvi.causetomovearound(使)循环：流迪causetobecomewide1.yknown(使流传：散布叫.传送传递.传阅sp1.een(sp1.i:n1.numorgannear,ourstonwehthatcontm1.stheqw1.ityofyourbkxi睥：greatandbi1.1.eranger怒气；怨气hemog1.obinopathieshim5g,1.M;bin5px(1.1.医1.1.1.1.红蛋f1.病sick1.e(sik1.n.atoo1.thatisusedforcu1.1.inggrassandgraincrops镰刀vt.
28、用镰刀割:使(红血细胞)成镰状呈现出一种并常的月牙状，用于指红血细胞patho1.ogypoOo1.aMthestudyof(hewaydiseasesandi1.1.nessesdeve1.op病理(学)impairxm,PCQ(r)vi山ImagC$ermakeSWCrSC损害，削射actinkt1.n|n肌动蛋白bypassha1.po:s|n.aconductorhaving1.owresistanceinpara1.1.e1.withanotherdevicetodivertafractionUf1.hCcurrent旁道支路：电)分路迂徊：asurgica1.1.yCrca1.ed
29、shunt(usua1.1.yaroundadamagedPan)医导誉VteaVOidSomCIhingunp1.easantor1.aboriHW畸通：忽视：管道运输sp1.enicsp!cn1.kadj.睥脏的.脾的IipidfIxpidnj生化I脂质high1.ight(ha1.IaItn.themostinterestingorexcitingpartsofi1ftWKtft:最精彩的部分(图甬或照片的)强光部份、IemPhaSiZe强调，突出；把照亮ch1.oroquinekirokwinn.(疟疾的特效药的种)mutationnju:Ie1.nn.achangeora1.(era
30、ioninformorqua1.ities变化；转变anyeventthatchangesgeneticstructure突变：变异mu1.tip1.emAItIp1.adj.havingorinvo1.vingorconsistingofmorethanonepartorentityorindividua1.多垄断复杂的：多功能的nJ数储数：(电工学)并联SaChainSWg连锁商店susceptibi1.ityse.SeP(Jb1.htin.being1.ike1.ytobeaffece1.易受影响或损的状态，盛受性a1.1.e1.e(Izn.iS等位基I生对儡基因dornantdo:m
31、ant|adj.no,differentfronteachother与异；分歧vaccinevksi:nn.immunogcnconsistingofasuspensionofweakenedordeadPa1.hOgCniCce1.1.sinjectedinordertostimu1.atethePrudUCIionofantibodies疫苗，疫苗adj.玲苗的，疫苗的entai1.Xnte1.Ivt.invo1.veorcause卓涉：；右要intravenous(.In1.ra帝际利进入静脓的.静脓注射的inocu1.ation(tnokj,1.cifnn.医预防接种cthicaCo1
32、k1.adj.re1.atingtobe1.iefsaboutrightandwrong伦理学的,道5的,伦理的n.凭医师处方出惇的药品pathogenesis)p;eOod3cn1.sisn发病机Pt1.immunitymju:ntin.(hcqua1.ityofbeingunaffccccdbysomething免除，SS1.:theconditioninwhichanorganismchaen促进.助长K使容易：帮助rep1.icatercp1.kc1.tvt.rcproduccormakeanexactcopyofS.狂写：陋Iin.坡制MUsefu1.Expressionmu1.ti-pronged多管齐卜aroundtheernerfraundgk9:间在拐角处;迫在眉睫的genomicscquceIE因组序列theprOSandeOnSOf优点和缺点hi
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