微生物学术语双语中英文对照.docx

1、rockiology of MicroorganismsBilingual GlossaryFor Internal Circulation Only )微生物学术语双语（中英文）对照北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院微生物教研室谢响明2007 年 6 月 10 日Catalogue目录Chapter 1 icroorganisms and MicrobiologyChapter 2 An Overview of Microbial LifeChapter 3 MacromoleculesChapter 4 Cell Structure/FunctionChapter 5 utrition, La

2、boratory Culture, andMetabolism of MicroorganismsChapter 6 Microbial GrowthChapter 7 Principles of Microbial Molecular BiologyChapter 8 Regulation of Gene ExpressionChapter 9 Essentials of VirologyChapter 10 Bacterial GeneticsChapter 11 Microbial Evolution and SystematicsChapter 15 Microbial Genomic

3、sChapter 18 Methods in Microbial EcologyChapter 19 Microbial Habitats, Nutrients CyclesChapter 20 Microbial Growth ControliBilingual Glossary for MicrobiologyChapter 1Landmark :里程碑Ramifications :分支non-cellular life :非细胞生命prion :肮病毒microbial diversity and evolution :微生物的多样性和进化pathogens：病原体genetic eng

4、ineering ：基因工程entity :实体macromolecules :大分子Reproduction :繁殖Differentiation :分化Communication :信息沟通coding devices : 编码机制attributes ：特征，品质coordination.：协调regulation : 调节optimally attuned to 最适地调和populations :种群habitat.：生境assemblages;：集合体microbial communities :微生物群落biofilms :生物被膜hot springs : 温泉Aquatic

5、水生的Terrestrial:陆生的Prokaryotic cells :原核细胞ecosystem :生态系统biomass：生物量nitrogen :氮phosphorus：磷Bubonic Plague :鼠疫Fleas：跳蚤Mortality :死亡率Grotesque：奇异Liquefy :液化Influenza and pneumonia : 流感和肺炎 Tuberculosis：肺结核spontaneous generation：自然发生学说 microbes：微生物Broth :肉汤Flask:烧瓶Guncotton filters :棉花滤器Dissolved :溶解的Et

6、her：目Particles :微粒flask with swan neck :曲颈瓶sterilization :灭菌vaccines ：疫苗anthrax ：炭疽热fowl cholera :禽流感rabies：狂犬病Germ theory :病菌说Koch s postulates科赫假设（法则） contagious diseases 传染病 artificially infected animals :人工感染的动物 Solid medium :固体培养基Gelatin :明胶Agar ：琼脂Colony formation :菌落形成Differential staining :鉴

7、别染色Pure culture :纯培养 isolation :分离,隔离 inoculation :接种 Tuberculin :结核菌素Diagnosis :诊断Subdisciplines :（学科的）分支 enrichment culture :富集培养 aerobic ：需氧的N-fixing bacteria :固氮细菌sulfate-reducing :硫酸盐还原sulfur-oxidizing bacteria :硫氧化名田菌root nodule :根瘤Lactobacillus :乳酸杆菌tobacco mosaic virus :烟草花叶病毒tenets：原则virolo

8、gy :病毒学nitrifying bacteria :石肖化名田菌nitrification :硝化作用oxidation of ammonia to nitrate : 从氨氧化为石肖酸盐hydrogen sulfide :硫化鼠chemolithotrophy :无机化能营养型autotrophs:自养生物anaerobe :厌氧生物Clostridium pasteurianum :巴斯德竣菌属Medical microbiology and immunology :医学微生物学和免疫学Aquatic microbiology :水生微生物学Microbial ecology :微生物

9、生态学Microbial systematic :微生物的系统学Microbial physiology :微生物生理学Cytology :细胞学Bacterial genetics :细菌遗传学3Chapter 2Evolutionary History :进化史Elements：原理，基础Viral Structure :病毒结构The Tree of Life :生命树Physiological :生理学的Eukaryotic :真核的Cytoplasmic （cell）membrane :细胞质膜Cytoplasm :细胞质Macromolecules :大分子Ribosome :核糖

10、体organic molecules :有机分子inorganic ions :无机离子rod-shaped prokaryote :杆状原核生物organelles：细胞器Archaea:古生菌Nucleus :细胞核（nuclear的复数）Mitochondrion （Mitochondrion 复数）线粒体Chloroplast :叶绿体Metazoans:后生生物Cytoplasmic :细胞质的Membrane:膜，隔膜Endoplasmic reticulum :内质网Nucleoid :类核，拟核Nucleolus :核仁Nuclear ：核的，细胞核Static:静态的meta

11、bolic abilities :代谢能力biosynthetic :生物合成genetic alterations : 遗传改造Genomes :基因组Chromosome:染色体Circular ：环状copy :拷贝haploid ：单倍体extrachromosomal :染色体夕卜的5plasmids：质粒conferring :赋予properties ： 性质，特性Packaged :包裹的Yeast：酵母Folding :折叠的Packing :包装gene expression ：基因表达diploid :二倍体cell division :细胞分裂mitosis :有丝分裂

12、mitotic division :有丝分裂a full complement of genes : 一整套基因meiosis :减数分裂gametes：配子sexual reproduction :有性繁殖Fusion:融合Zygote :接合子，受精卵Sequenced:测序的Phylogeny :系统发生Phylogenetically :系统发生地deduced from从推论出comparative sequencing : 比较测序Ribosomal RNA :核糖体 RNAbarometers : 气压计clinic :临床microbiology :微生物学identical

13、copies :相同的拷贝polymerase chain reaction (PCR)：聚合酶链式反应aligned :排列的algorithm :运算法则pair-wise comparisons ：配对比较Domains :域Lineages：血统，世系Proteobacteria ：蛋白细菌Cyanobacteria ：蓝细菌Hyperthermophiles :极端嗜热菌Methanogens：产甲烷菌extreme halophiles : 极端嗜盐菌slime molds :黏菌flagellates :鞭毛虫giardia :双滴虫(贾弟虫属)Eukarya (eukaryot

14、es):真核生物Morphology :形态学Motility :运动性Mechanism :机制Developmental biology :发育生物学Adaptation :适应environmental extremes : 极端环境Organic chemicals :有机化合物Inorganic chemicals :无机化合物Oxidizing :氧化Conserved:保存，保留high-energy compound :高能量化合物Aerobes:需氧生物Anaerobes:厌氧生物Chemoorganotrophs :化能有机营养生物Chemolithotrophs :化能无

15、机营养生物Phototrophic :光和营养的Pigments:色素major nutrient :主要营养Heterotrophic :异养的Autotrophic :自养的Autotrophs ;自养生物primary producers :初级生产者extreme environmental habitats : 极端环境生境 extremophiles :极端环境微生物，嗜极菌 hot spring :温泉tolerant :忍耐的pathogenic ：致病的Phylum :门Aquifex :产液菌属Thermotoga :栖热抱菌属green nonsulfur bacteri

16、a : 绿色4硫名田菌deinococcus：异常球菌属 spirochetes：螺旋体green sulfur bacteria 紫硫名田菌 planctomyces:浮霉状菌属 phylogenetic :系统发生的 depicted :描述的 marine:海洋 halobacterium :盐杆菌属 natronobacterium :嗜盐碱杆菌属 halophilic methanogens :嗜盐产烷生物 methanosarcina ：甲烷八叠球菌属 thermoplasma :热源体属 methanobacterium :甲烷杆菌属 methanococcus：甲烷球菌属 py

17、rococcus:火球菌属 pyrolobus :热叶菌属 methanopyrus ：嗜热甲烷菌属 thermoproteus :热变形菌属 desulfurococcus:硫还原球菌属 sulfolobus :硫化叶菌属 hyperthermophiles :嗜热细菌 halophiles :嗜盐菌 acidophiles :嗜酸菌 filamentous :丝状的 Protozoans：原生动物 Motile :运动的 Lichens :地衣 Diplomonads :双滴虫 Trichomonads :毛滴虫，微抱子虫 Flagellates ：鞭毛虫 Ciliates :纤毛虫 Gr

18、een algae：绿藻 Red algae：红藻 Fungi ：真菌 Diatoms :硅藻属Brown algae : 褐藻 Apex :顶点9Chapter 4Locomotion:运动、行动Inclusions :内含物、包涵物Light Microscopy :光学显微镜Bright-field :明视野Phase contrasit：相差Dark-field :暗视野Fluorescence：荧光Magnification :放大率Resolution :分辨率Staining :染色Increasing Contrast for Bright-Field Microscopy:提

19、高明视野显微镜的对比效果positively charged (cationic):带正电的(阳离子，正离子)negatively charged ：带负电的polysaccharide :多糖cationic dyes :阳离子染料Methylene blue :亚甲蓝Crystal violet :结晶紫Safranin :番红Differential stains-Gram stain :鉴别染色一格兰氏染色Gram-positive :格兰氏阳性Gram-negative :格兰氏阴性ethanol decolorizing :乙醇脱色refractive index :折射率spec

20、imen ：样品scatter,：分散，散射chlorophyll (autofluorescence):叶绿素(自身荧光)Three-Dimensional Imaging :三维成像Drawbacks:限制，缺点Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC):相差干涉显微镜Nucleus :核Eukaryotic cells :真核细胞Spores：抱子、芽抱Vacuole ：液泡Granule :颗粒11internal structure :内部结构Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM):原子力显微镜Fixat

21、ives:固定齐UCoatings：膜、层、覆盖物Hydrated :水合物Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM):聚焦扫描激光显微镜Couples：连接，伴随Habitat:生境resolving power :分辨率vacuum :真空Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):透射电子显微镜thin sectioning, 超薄切片EM staining :电子显微镜染色Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):扫描电子显微镜external features:夕卜部特征prokar

22、yote :原核生物Coccus (cocci)： 球菌Rod:杆菌Spirilla :螺菌Spirochetes ：螺旋体Appendaged bacteria ：附属细菌Filamentous bacteria : 丝状细菌in general inversely proportional to cell size : 从大体上说是于细胞大小成反比的nanobacteria ：纳米细菌precipitates :沉淀物biofilms :生物膜surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio 表面积与体积比Membrane Transport Systems:膜运输系统Pepti

23、doglycan ：肽聚糖outer Membrane : 外膜Glycerol backbone :甘油主键fatty acids :脂肪酸phosphate-containing groups-ester linkage : 含有磷酸的基团酯键phospholipid bilayer ：磷脂双分子层hydrophobic :疏水的hydrophilic :亲水的phosphate group：磷酸基团embedded：内嵌的hydrophobic external surface spanning the membrane : 疏水的夕卜表面跨膜hydrogen bonds:氢键hydro

24、phobic interaction :疏水相互作用transverse：横切fluid mosaic :流动镶嵌Membrane Strengthening Agents: Sterols and Hopanoids :膜巩固剂：固醇和 类何帕烷chemical composition :化学组分methanotrophic:嗜甲烷细菌mycoplasmas:支原体exception :例夕卜side chains：侧链isoprene：异戊二烯Glycerol diethers :甘油二醒glycerol tetraethers ：甘油四醒monolayers :单分子层hyperther

25、mophilic :极端嗜热Permeability barrier ：渗透屏障（透性障）passive leakage：被动泄漏Protein anchor ： 蛋白锚定Energy conservation :能量贮存Proton motive force :质子动力Aquaporins :水通道蛋白low osmotic conditions :低渗透势条件hypo-osmotic shock :低渗透压休克Simple diffusion :简单扩散Carrier-mediated process:载体介导过程Uptake :摄取、吸收Saturated ：饱和的Symporter ：

26、同向运输蛋白Uniporter:单向运输蛋白Antiporters :逆向运输蛋白Lac Permease：乳糖透过酶Lactose:乳糖Group translocation :基团转位Phosphotransferase system：磷酸转移酶系统Glucose：葡萄糖Mannose：甘露糖Fructose：果糖Phosphorylation :磷酸化Dephosphorylation :去磷酸化cascading fashion:级联方式phosphoenolpyruvate :磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸Periplasmic :周质的periplasmic -binding protein :

27、周质结合蛋白maltose: 麦芽糖disaccharide sugar：双糖a family of related proteins : 相关蛋白的家族High affinity for substrate :对底物的高亲和力Hydrolysis :水解drive transport across the membrane : 促进跨膜运输translocase：移位酶amylase：淀粉酶cellulase :纤维素酶starch ：淀粉cellulose :纤维素toxin :毒素deleterious ：有害的solutes：溶质turgor pressure:膨胀压Multilaye

28、red structure and complex :多层结构和复合体Periplasm space：周质空间Teichoic acids:磷壁酸ribitol phosphate residues核糖醇磷酸盐残基Lipoteichoic acid :月旨磷壁酸Murein :胞壁质Derive :衍生物N-acetylglucosamine (G) : N一乙酰葡糖胺N-acetylmuramic acid (M) : N一乙酰胞壁酸L-alanine : L一丙氨酸D-glutamic acid : D一谷氨酸L-lysine : L一赖氨酸diaminopimelic acid (DAP

29、):二氨基庚二酸tetrapeptide :四肽glycan：聚糖?-1,4 linkage ： ?-1,4 连接interbridge :肽间桥capsular polymers : 荚膜Protoplasts：原生质体Spheroplasts：原生质球Mycoplasma :支原体Osmotically :渗透地Thermoplasma :热原体属Lysozyme :溶菌酶Penicillin :青霉素?-1,4 -glycosidic bonds ： ?-1,4 糖昔键saliva:唾液autolysin :自溶素transpeptidation :转肽Pseudopeptidoglyc

30、an :假肽聚糖N-acetyltalosaminuronic acids : N-乙酰塔罗糖胺糖醛酸Glycosidic bonds :糖昔键Polysaccharide ：多糖Glycoprotein :糖蛋白Methanosarcina :甲烷八叠球菌glucuronic acid 葡糖醛酸：galactosamine：半孚L糖胺acetates：乙酸haiophilic Archaea :嗜盐古生菌Halococcus :盐球菌Paracrystalline surface layer ： 类结晶表面层hexagonal symmetry :六角对称lipopolysaccharide

31、 (LPS layer):月旨多糖Core polysaccharide : 核心多糖O-polysaccharide :。一特异侧链LipidA :类脂 ADisaccharide :双糖Endotoxin :内毒素Pathogenic：致病的Shigella :志贺氏菌属mol-weight :分子量Hydrolytic enzymes :水解酶Chemoreceptor：化学受体Flagella :鞭毛(复数)Flagellum :鞭毛Peritrichous :周生Polar：极生Lophotrichous :丛生Filament:鞭毛丝Flagellin :鞭毛蛋白Hook :钩mo

32、tor portion : motor 蛋白L-ring : L 环P-ring : P 环MS-ring : MS 环Flexing :摆动Cheetah：猎豹Gliding :滑动Cyanobacteria ：蓝细菌Myxococcus xanthus :黄色粘球菌physical or chemical gradients : 物理或化学梯度Chemotaxes：趋化性Phototaxes ：趋光性Other Taxes：其他趋性Temporal:时间的Spatial ：空间的Tumbles :翻滚Attractant :引诱剂Scotophobotaxis (darkness esca

33、ping phototaxis)： 避暗趋光性Aerotaxis :趋氧性Osmotaxis :趋渗透性Elucidated ：阐述signal transduction pathway,: 信号传导途径Gas Vesicle:气泡Endospore: 芽抱Fimbriae :菌毛Pili ：性毛Pellicles :菌膜Conjugation :接合Symmetries :对称性Capsules and Slime Layers:荚膜和黏液层The Glycocalyx :多糖包被Matrix :矩阵Deformed :变形Phagocytic：吞噬细胞的Desiccation :干燥作用C

34、arbon Storage Polymers:碳源贮存物PHB, poly-? -hydroxybutyric acid :聚？羟丁酸PHA, poly-? -hydroxyalkanoate :聚？羟基链烷酸Magnetosomes：磁小体Intracellular crystal particles :细胞内晶体颗粒Magnetotaxis :趋磁性aquatic Bacteria :水生细菌buoyancy :浮力purple and green phototrophic bacteria :紫色和绿色光养细菌watertight :防水的ribs :脊?-sheet： ?折叠?-hel

35、ix : ?螺旋Germination :萌发Halotolerant :耐盐的Permian:休眠Dominican amberGut:消化道Morphology :形态学Refractile :折光的Exosporium :抱子外壁Cortex ：皮层Calcium-dipicolinic acid complex :钙一口比咤二竣酸Cytoplasm :细胞质Small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs :酸溶小芽抱蛋白Ceases终止Sporulation :芽抱形成Bacillus subtili :枯草芽抱杆菌 sOutgrowth :生长17C

36、hapter 51. Oxidation-Reduction 氧化还原反应2. Catabolic Pathways 异化途径3. Proton Motive Force 质子动势4. Macronutrients 大量营养元素5. Cytochromes 细胞色素6. cellular respiration细胞呼吸7. Siderophores 铁传递蛋白8. hydroxamate,异羟的酸9. enterobactin 肠杆菌素10. Acuqchelin 儿茶酚11. Micronutrients微量营养元素12. Trace elements 微量元素13. Streptococc

37、us 链球菌属14. Lactobacillus乳杆菌属15. Leuconostoc明串球菌属16. distilled water 蒸储水17. casein 酪蛋白18. soybean 大豆19. Leuconostoc mesenteroides 肠膜明 串珠菌20. Fastidious营养复杂的，挑剔的21. Aseptic Technique 无菌技术22. Exergonic 放能的23. Endergonic 吸能的24. Redox 氧化还原作用25. hydrogen atom 氢原子26. reactants 反应物27. Chemoorganotrophy 化能有机

38、营养28. Photophosphorylation光和磷酸化29. Pyruvate 丙酮酸盐（或酯）30. Glycolysis 糖酵解31. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 3-磷酸甘油醛32. Saccharomyces cerevisae 啤酒酵母33. Beverage 饮料34. Yogurt酸奶酪，酵母乳35. Pickled vegetables 盐渍蔬菜1936. anaerobically 厌氧地37. Aerobic oxidation有氧氧化38. Anaerobic oxidation无氧氧化39. Dehydrogenase 脱氢酶40. F

39、lavoproteins 黄素蛋白41. Iron-sulfur proteins铁硫蛋白42. Quinones-non-protein 辅酶 Q43. Heme 亚铁血红素44. Chemiosmosis 化学渗透势45. electrochemically potential 电子势46. alkaline 碱性的47. headpiece 帽子，头盔48. cyanide 氧化物49. Dinitrophenol(DNP)二硝基苯酚50. Dicumarol血液凝固防止剂51. the Citric Acid Cycle 柠檬酸循环52. aerobic respiration有氧呼吸

40、53. Nitrate 硝酸盐54. ferric iron 铁离子55. sulfate 硫酸盐56. carbonate 碳酸盐57. Chemolithotrophy 矿质(无机)化能营养58. Ammonia 氨，氨水59. Chemolithotrophs化能自养60. chemoorganotrophs 化能异养61. Phototrophy光合营养62. Photoautotrophs光合自养生物63. Phtoheterotrophs 光合异养生物64. Catabolism 分解代谢65. Anabolism合成代谢21Chapter 6Binary Fission 二分裂P

41、eptidoglycan 肽聚糖Viable Counts活菌计数Turbidity 浊度Continuous Culture 连续培养Preexisting先前存在的Duplicate 复制Monomers 单体Coenzymes 辅酶Cofactors辅助因子Polymerization reactions 聚合反应Polymers聚合体Fts (filamentous temperature sensitive ) Protein :丝状温敏蛋白 mitochondria 线粒体 chloroplasts 叶绿体 tubulin微管蛋白Divisome :分裂体Apparatus设备，仪

42、器Cylinder圆柱体polymerize to form an intact ring 聚合形成完整环penicillin 青霉素MreBhomology 相同actin肌动蛋白cytoskeleton细胞骨架structural integrity 结构的完整性autolysins 自溶素lysozyme溶解酵素bactoprenol:细菌菇醇N-acetyl glucosamine N-乙酰葡糖胺N-acetylemuramic acid N-乙酰胞壁酸Pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors 五肽肽聚糖前体物Transpeptidation 转肽作用

43、muramic acid residues 胞壁酸残基 adjacent glycan chains 邻近多糖链23noteworthy 值得注目的periplasm 周质Unsterilized未灭菌的Detrimental 有害的Slope斜面Semilogarithmic 半对数的Vessel导管，器皿Elapsed时间流逝Inoculum接种体Cryptic秘密的Counting chambers :计数室plate count平板计数colony count菌落计数Serial Dilutions 系列稀释Statistically :统计学地colony-forming unit

44、菌落形成单位Anomaly不规则Magnitude数量，量级Photometer 光度计Spectrophotometer 分光光度计The Chemostat 恒化器Cardinal主要的，最重要的Optimum最适宜的Pschrophile嗜冷生物Mesophile嗜温生物Thermophile嗜热生物Hyperthermophile极端嗜热生物Extremophiles 极端生物Psychrotolerant 耐寒的unsaturated fatty acids 不饱和脂肪酸morphological and physiological types 形态的和生理的类型 a critica

45、l amino acid substitution 关键的氨基酸替代物 counterpart副本，配对物hydrophobic interiors 疏水的内部saturated fatty acids 饱和脂肪酸isoprene异戊二烯monolayer 单层melting 熔化 annealing 退火 Acidophile 嗜酸细菌 Thiobacillus硫杆菌属Sulfolobus硫化叶菌属Thermoplasma热源体属Alkaliphile 嗜碱微生物Carotenoids：类胡萝卜素Proteases蛋白酶Lipases脂肪酶Detergent清洁剂Water activity :水活度vapor pressure 蒸汽压Osmophiles嗜渗透微生物Xerophiles旱生生物Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose海藻糖Glycerol甘油，丙三醇Glycosides 配糖类Glycine甘氨酸，氨基乙酸