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1、 高考语法要点和易错点 语法一 =从句从句的做题思路=判定是什么从句一、关于定语从句（前提：懂得判断是哪一种从句）1 修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。2 连接词that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where/why/as What/how 既起连接作用/有充当句子成分3 先行词 n./pron -被定语从句修饰的根据先行词选择连接词物：which/that/whose人：who/whom/that/whose时间：when/which/that地点：where/which /thatReason: 从句完整why/for which；从句不完整which/that
2、/-Way: 从句完整 in which/that/-; 从句不完整which/that/-I dont like the way you speak to your parents.He found the way was reasonable to solve the problem. 答案：in which/that；which/that 当先行词与连接词后面的名词n存在所属关系时（的） 物：whose+n.=of which +the +n.=the +n.+of which 人：whose +n.=of whom +the +n.= the +n.+ of whom The room
3、, of which the window faces south is mine. The girl, whose father died is our monitor.4 只能用that 不能用which(重点前5种情况)（1）当先行词是不定代词，如all，everything，anything，nothing，much，few，little，none，the one等。All that can be done has been done.（2）先行词被all, few，little，no，every 等词修饰时。There is no difficulty that we cant ov
4、ercome.（3）先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the first letter that Ive written in Japanese.（4）先行词被the only, the very, the last 等修饰时 This is the very book that I am looking for.（5）当先行词既有人又有物时。They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（6）当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或连接词本身是从句的表语时。China isnt the count
5、ry that she used to be 50 years ago.（7）当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop？5 永远不用that =介词/逗号之后6 当先行词是时间/地点时 when /where /that/which/-When=介词+which=介词+时间Where=介词+which = 介词+地点Which/that= 时间/地点当从句完整时，用When/ Where/介词+which当从句不完整时，用which/that/-e.g. I still remembe
6、r the days that/which/- we spent at the seaside last summer.This is the factory in which/ where his parents used to work.1.The library _ students often study was on fire last night.2.The library, _ was built in the 1930s, needs repairing.3.The library _ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.4.Ill
7、never forget the day _ we first met in the park.5.Ill never forget the time _ I spent on campus.6.Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.答案：where/in which；which/that；which/that；when/on which；that/which；_that/which7. as与which的比较：（1）在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句之前，用as。They failed
8、in the exam，as/which is natural.As is known to all，the earth moves around the sun.（2）as“正如，就像” Which “这一点/这个/这件事” He is careless, which caused the accident. He is late again, as/which we expected.8. 当先行词被the same，such，so修饰时， This is the same book as you bought yesterday. 同一类 .that 同一个This was so dif
9、ficult a problem as we couldnt work out.（后面句子不完整）This was so difficult a problem that we couldnt work it out.（后面句子完整）This was such a difficult problem 9.另外，定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0He is one of the students who were praised by the teache
10、r.解析：在句中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句中，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。感悟：学生之所以在这一点上经常出错，主要是对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出主句和从句，对句子成分的把握也不到位，搞不清关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当何种句子成分。所以要做好这一类题，要首先弄清关系代词和关系副词的用法，而且应善于分辨和分析句子结构及其相应成分，这样才能对症下药，快速准确地找到瓿之所在。二、名词性从句 主语从句What I say is true宾语从句He wont believ
11、e what I say.表语从句That is what I said.同位语从句I told them the news that Rockets won the game today.区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。I have forgotten where we went yesterday.Where we went yesterday is covered with all kinds of flowers.Oh! This is where we came yesterday. This is t
12、he place where we came yesterday.Here, he made the promise that he would come here 10 years later.I will make a mark where he made the promise.需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成份时，指人用who/whom，指物用what; 不缺意思和成份时用that。That 只有在宾语从句中可以省略。1. _ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known.A.不填 B
13、. Whenever C. What D. When2. There is a common belief among them _ rubbish can and should be put to good use.A. which B. if C. whether D. that3. Hes bought a cottage for _ he retires, with the money he saved.A. When B. where C. what D. which (哪一个、哪一些)答案DDA-It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to C
14、hina.-Do you think it possible that we take over Taiwan?-Of course. It 经常在句中当形式主语、宾语，代替真正的主语、宾语，以避免头重脚轻。It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out of the atmosphere today.A. That B. when C. what D. howWhy dont you bring _ to his attention that you are too busy to d
15、o it?A. This B. what C. thatD. it答案CD表“是否”时只用whether不用if:1. Whether the president will come is not known yet. (主从)2. The problem is whether we need it.（表从）3. The problem whether we will build another school hasnt been settled.（同位语从句）4. He was worried about whether he passed the English examination.
16、（介词之后）5. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. （whether or /or not）6. I dont know whether to go.（动词不定式之前）区别：that引导的定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只
17、起连接作用。如：Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.解析：在句中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因
18、为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。三、 状语从句（主句完整，从句和主句之间不存在修饰关系的，一般就是状从）1. 关于when/while/as 都有“当时” When I arrived, he had already left.Mary asked me to care for her pet while she was away. （当时） As the sun set in the west, it became darker and darker. As time goes by/as the
19、economy developsWhen (正在这时)Be about to do. When Be doing whenHad just done whenBe on the point of doing when whileHe likes pop music while I am fond of classical music. (而)Mary asked me to care for her pet while she was away. （当时）While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. （虽然） asA. 随着+句
20、子 as time went by as the economy develops B. 像 + 句子 It looks a little ugly as it is .C. 作为 +短语 treat / regard / consider / think of / look on as （把 作为来对待）D. 因为+句子 because /since/forAs you are Senior 3 students, you should spare no effort / pains to study. E. 正如 / 就像 As is known to all/we all know, T
21、aiwan belongs to China. As an old saying goes, its not until the Dragon Boat Festival that we can put away warm clothes.2. 关于since/before/untilIt is/has been several months since we last spent the holiday in the country together.It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.Before He left
22、before I could say “thank you” to him. 来不及Three years passed before I knew it. 才It wont be long before we have a monthly exam.It will be ten years before we meet again. It was ten years before they met again.Until/till (主句谓语持续性)Not until(主句谓语短暂性)George worked for IBM until/till 2000. 直到靠近，我才认出他。Unti
23、l he came up to me, I recognized him. （此句错误）=I didnt recognize him until he came up to me.3. 关于“一就” Hardly when No sooner than As soon as The moment/time/minute/second +句子 Immediately/instantly/directly +句子 On doing/名词Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.The moment she
24、saw the robber, she screamed.Instantly he saw the drowning girl, he jumped into the river.Upon arrival/ On arrival / On arriving, I will pay a visit to you first.4. It is/was +时间点+when 与强调句型的区别 It was midnight I fell asleep. A. when B. that C. while D. becauseIt was at noon we arrived in the village
25、. A. before B. while C. when D. that答案AD5.Unless 如果不（除非）/if 如果 _you go all out to do the work, I dont think you can achieve your goal as planned.A. UnlessB. Even C. SinceD. TillHe never speaks _ he is spoken to, for he is not much of a speaker.A.when B.if C.unless D.until答案AC6. as if(though) 似乎/仿佛/好
26、像 +真实/虚拟7. even if /though 即使8. in case/for fear that 以防/惟恐9. What/whatever/no matter what; how/however/no matter howWhat(ever) +名词 How(ever) +形容词/副词 Whatever difficulties we meet with, it is best to face them and try to solve them.However late it is, Ill wait for you.No matter how busy he is, he is
27、 ready to help others.No matter +疑问词=引导状从 疑问词 +ever=引导名从/状从Whatever you say, I wont believe you. = No matter what（状语从句）I wont believe whatever you say. = anything that（宾语从句） Whoever / No matter who comes, dont let him in. （状语从句） Whoever / Anyone who leaves last should turn off the lights. （主语从句） 10.
28、 Where +句子 （特别是引导地点状从和定从的区别） I have forgotten where we went yesterday.Where we went yesterday is covered with all kinds of flowers.Oh! This is where we came yesterday. This is the place where/in which we came yesterday.I will make a mark where the teacher emphasizes.语法二 =非谓语非谓语做题思路1判断主被动2判断时间（要发生/正在
29、进行/已完成）非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语）。Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing指说话者的动作，故只用主动式。如：Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.解析：从这个句子可
30、以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完成式。In order to improve English , _.A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes.B. Jennys father bought a lot of tapes for herself.C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.解析：根据不定
31、式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以，应该排除CD，再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.，we decided to go out for a walk.A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D.It being fine解析：主句主语we与动词短语be fine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选C项，而应该选D项。more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Given B.To give
32、 C.Giving D. Having giving解析：give与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选A.如为主动关系则选C.易出错的问题一般都是学生在学习中对知识理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，应及时纠错和建立“错题档案”，还应“借题发挥”，有意地把一些易错题予以归类，找出错误根源，总结规律。非谓语 =不能做谓语的动词形式 1 Doing 主动 正在进行 eg. The man standing there is my teacher.2 being done被动 正在进行 eg.I think the book being written by him will sell well.3 havin
33、g done主动 已经完成 只能做状语 eg. Having finished his homework, he went out to play.4 having been done被动 已经完成 只能做状语 eg Having been taken care of well, the old man recovered soon.5 done 被动 已经完成 fallen leaves( 这里表完成，不表被动)6 （onlyjust）to do主动 将来7 to be doing主动 正在进行8 to be done 被动 将来9 to have done主动 完成10 （to have
34、been） done被动 完成非谓语Having done所表达的动作在谓语动作之前完成，一般放句首做状语。非谓语doing所表达的动作发生和谓语动作几乎同时进行。Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didnt take much notice.Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as w
35、ell as their potential to cause great damage. Walking in the way of back home, suddenly I saw a store covered with smoke.、不定式表意料之外的结果，现在分词表自然而然的结果。 I hurried home, only to find nobody in. His parents died early, leaving him alone. * only to do 与doing 作结果状语的用法“ only to do” 做结果状语表意料之外的结果，尤指不愉快的结果。 “do
36、ing” 做结果状语表示必然结果与主句之间含有逻辑上的因果关系。语法三 =虚拟语气（一）if 虚拟从句主句与现在相反beweredodid Would/should/could/might+V原与过去相反Behad beendohad doneWould/should/could/might+have done/been与将来相反1.Bewere; dodid2.were to +V原3.should do Would/should/could/might+V原注：1、if I were you Were I you if I had finished it Had I finished it
37、 if it should rain Should it rain2、句型 =(要不是)If it were not for . Would /should/could/might +do/be=Were it not forIf it had not been for.Would /should/could/might +have done/beenHad it not been forIf it were not for the expense, I would go to Italy.If it hadnt been for the expense, I would have gone
38、to Italy.Ive discovered I possess a large number of different talents and skills that I never would have thought were within me had it not been for my being open to trying new opportunities. 3、Without/but for=(要不是)Without you, I wouldnt have got full mark.（二）、If only/Wish+现在：bewere do did If only/Wi
39、sh+过去：behad been dohad doneIf only/Wish+将来：could/should/would +doAs if/though 也适用It seems as if it is going to rain.It seems as if it were to rain.注：may you +V原(三)动词：Insist/suggest/advise/recommend/propose/order/command/demand/require/request /desire +(should)do 注：动词对应的名词和句型也用（should）do表虚拟suggestion
40、 /order/adviceIts suggested/ordered that+（四）Its necessary/important/vital that(should) do (五) Its (high/about) time thatshould do/did (六) would rather +句子1、对现在/将来虚拟用did 2、对过去虚拟用had done 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。 if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. if you had s
41、tudied hard at school, you would be a college student now.句子都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去的情况，所以用过去完成时，但在主句中，句依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是would have done，而中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now,这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在，从而按句的形式填写答案。语法四 =情态动词表猜测must只用于肯定句/表示很有把握的猜测/翻译成“肯定/一定”；can/could用于疑问句和否定句；m
42、ay/might用于肯定句/表示没有把握的猜测/翻译成“可能也许”mustnt have done 绝对错/是无效选项must必须，“不必”用neednt/dont have tomustnt 禁止/不准一、情态动词+ do/be表示对现在行为或动作进行猜测Youve been working all day. You must be very tired.- Someone is knocking on the door.- It cant be Lucy. Shes still in the library at this time.二、情态动词+have done/have been表示
43、对过去行为或动作进行猜测a. must have done表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示.Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.He cant have missed the way. I drew him a map.“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could/can have taken it?”b. may / might have donemay / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.I cant fi
44、nd my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.c. could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评.本可以做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测.You could have done it better.Tom could have taken the dictionary.d. ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldnt have done本该做而事实上没做 本不该做而事实上做了e. neednt have done 本不必做却做了
45、The usage of “shall”表征求(用在第一、三人称)Shall my daughter do your shopping for you?表承诺 (用在第二、三人称)Her father promised that he shall buy her a computer if she passed the National College Entrance Exam.表命令（正式文件/场合）It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.It has been announced that all the students shall put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with SARS virus.You shall obey my orders.He shall