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1、,英语中主要的替代现象,替代是一种避免重复的连接上下文的手段。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代；同理，替代词也分为名词替代词、动词替代词和分句替代词。此外还有状语的替代。,一、名词性替代,用名词性替代词one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。,1.名词性替代词,例：The child doesnt like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book) 例：We can trust Smith. I wish I could sa
2、y the same of his partner.(the same =we can trust),2、某些不定代词,在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如： I dont want any more food. Ive had enough.,3. one 和 ones是最常见的替代词 one的复数形式是ones. one 和ones作为替代
3、词只能用以替代可数名词， 不可用来替代不可数名词。不可数名词，诸如物质名词，是没有替代名词的，唯一可能性是用零形式代替。例如： 1）The grey horse is stronger than the black one. 2）The new design is much better than the old ones. 3).-This bread is stale. -Get some fresh. 4名词性物主代词mine，yours 名词性物主代词mine, yours等可用来代替my +名词，your +名词等，例如： “Whose is that coat?” “Its min
4、e.”,二、动词性替代,用动词替代词do，do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。,1谓语的替代形式,do是谓语的替代形式，有时态和人称的变化。例如： 1）Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example. 2）John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.,2由do，so等组成的复合替代形式,（1）“so +助动词+主语”。例如： “Mary will enter the university in September.” “So wi
5、ll Joan.” （2）“so +主语+助动词”。例如： “Ive been to Beijing.” ”So you have.” 注：这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人，否则应像“so +助动词+主语”的结构一样，主谓要倒装。,（5）“主语+（助动词+）do + it”。例如： -“My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President.” - ”I did it last week.” 注：如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时，则用“neither / nor +do
6、+主语”。此时，do 不是动词替代词，而是助动词。例如： Mary didnt like English, neither did her brother.,（3）“主语+（助动词+）do + so”。例如： “Have you sent your plan to the committee?” “I did so yesterday.” （4）“主语+（助动词+）do + that”。例如： “Do you know who broke the television set?” “I heard John did that.”,3.to代替整个动词不定式,当某个动词不定式词组在句子中再次出现
7、 时，我们可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个动词不定式词组。例如： 1）Perhaps Ill go to Brazil this summer; Id very much like to. 2）“Are you and Gillian getting married?” ”We hope to.”,3）I think he should get a job, but you cant force him to if hes not ready (to). 4）Well never leave home; he hasnt got the courage (to). 注1：有时to可省略（尤其
8、是在形容词和名词之后，见例3、4）。在某些动词（如try）之后也可省略to。例如： “Can you start the car?” “Ok, Ill try.”,注2：在want和would like之后，通常不能省略to。然而，当want或like 用于从句时（例如，在when, if, what, as之后），to常常省略。例如： 1）Come when you want. 2）Ive decided to do what I like.,三、分句性替代,用分句替代词so或not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代。例如： Many people believe that there wil
9、l be another world war before the end of the century. My father think so, but I believe not.,1分句替代词so或not可替代that从句 so可用来替代肯定的that从句，not替代否定的that从句，它们常与Im afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配。例如： 1）“Have we got enough money?” “I think so.” 2）“Were not going to be in time.”
10、“No, I suppose not.”,2. so与not可用来代替if 后面的从句,例1：Are you free this evening? If so, come and have a drink with us. 例2：Are you busy this afternoon? If not, I wish you would stay with me for a while.,3用it, this, that, such作为替代词,例1：If you dont work hard, youll regret it. (regret it = regret not working ha
11、rd) 例2：He was very tired. This explains why he went to bed early. 例3：Youre trying to cut with the back of the knife; thats a silly thing to do. 例4：I may hurt your feelings, but such (= that) was certainly not my intention.,四、状语的替代,1时间状语的替代形式主要用副词then 例如：We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We tol
12、d him then that we could be coming to the party. 2地点状语的替代形式主要用副词here和there 例如：Mary is in London and John is there too.,It和that有时也可以用作地点状语的替代形式，这种场合的it和that在句中作主语，并可同there交换使用，谓语动词是联系动词。 例如：They sat right in front of the stage. That / it / There was where the noise was greatest. 3方式状语的替代形式用in that way和like that 例如：“She plays the piano with great concentration and with great energy.” “Im afraid she doesnt study like that.”,Thank you,