1、Technical status and development prospect of battery for electric vehicle With the rapid development of the automobile industry, it has promoted the development of the industry and the development of economy and transportation. However, the defects of energy consumption, environmental pollution inhe
2、rent in the traditional internal combustion engine automobile has been affected and perplexing peoples life and social development, with the development of society and technology, protect the environment and conserve resources with the rising, a new generation of electric vehicles and electric vehic
3、les as no pollution and energy new traffic tools diversified configuration, in recent years has aroused widespread concern and has been greatly developed. One of the jobs of Beijing to make the 2008 Olympic Games a green Olympic Games is to replace the current internal combustion engine with environ
4、mentally friendly electric vehicles. Electric vehicle with electric drive, driving without emission (or low emission), low noise, energy conversion efficiency is much higher than the internal combustion engine, and the electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, low operation cost, safe
5、ty is better than that of internal combustion engine. But electric vehicles still exist in higher prices, continued driving mileage is short, the dynamic performance is poor, and these problems are closely related and power supply technology, the practical difficulties of electric vehicles still in
6、power technology, especially the battery (chemical power technology). At present, the key factor restricting the development of electric vehicles is the power battery is not ideal, and the development of electric vehicle competition, the most important thing is to develop the competitive power batte
7、ry. Electric vehicle power battery and starter batteries different, it is a long time continuous medium current discharge, or to discharge (starting, acceleration), and to use the main deep circulation. The basic requirements for battery electric vehicles can be summarized as follows: 1, high energy
8、 density and high power density; 2; 3, longer cycle life; 4, good charge and discharge performance of battery; 5, good consistency; 6, the price is low; 7, convenient use and maintenance etc. The current research and development of electric vehicle batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel met
9、al batteries, lithium ion battery, high temperature sodium batteries, metal air battery, super capacitor, super capacitor and the flywheel battery has better development prospect of fuel cell and solar cell.1, lead-acid batteryLead acid battery has a history of more than 100 years, it is widely used
10、 as the starting power source of internal combustion engine. The positive and negative electrodes of lead acid battery are two lead oxide and lead, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Lead acid batteries can also be divided into two categories, namely, water injection lead-acid batteries and valve
11、 regulated lead-acid batteries. The former is cheap, but the need for frequent maintenance, added electrolyte; the excess gas safety control valve, sealing the battery in charging or abnormal work in automatic regulation of free maintenance, more in line with the requirements of electric vehicles. G
12、enerally speaking, the lead-acid battery has the advantages of good reliability, easy access to raw materials, low price, etc., and the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major shortcomings: first, the lower energy, the quality and volume is
13、 too large, and a charging mileage shorter; the other is a short service life, the use of high cost. Because of the lead-acid battery technology is relatively mature, the lead-acid battery further improved after will remain the main source of electric vehicle in the near future, electric vehicles ar
14、e being developed by the advanced lead-acid battery mainly has the following several kinds: horizontal bipolar lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid battery, coil type electric pole lead-acid battery etc.2, nickel metal batteriesA nickel cadmium battery and Ni MH battery two main nickel metal batter
15、ies currently used in electric cars. Compared to cadmium nickel battery and lead-acid battery, can achieve energy than 55Wh/kg, than the power of 200W/kg, the cycle life of 2000 times, and can fast charge, although the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times, but because of its life in the field of
16、energy use and advantages, so the long-term practical use cost is not high. However, due to its heavy metal cadmium, in the use of no attention to recycling, it will form environmental pollution, many developed countries have restricted the development and use of nickel cadmium batteries. The Ni MH
17、battery is a green nickel battery, the positive and negative poles were nickel hydroxide and hydrogen storage alloy material, there is no heavy metal pollution problems, and in the work process does not appear to increase or decrease the electrolyte phenomenon, the battery can be sealed design. NiMH
18、 batteries in energy, improve the specific power and cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries, electric vehicle charging using a Ni MH battery after the mileage has reached 600 kilometers, currently in Europe and the United States has achieved mass production and use. The principle and characteristi
19、cs of Ni MH battery is suitable for electric vehicle use, it has been listed as a short-term and medium-term preferred electric vehicle power battery, but it also has the price is too high, poor uniformity (especially the capacity and voltage between high speed and deep discharge the battery and the
20、 difference), self discharge rate high performance level and practical requirements and gap, these problems affect the Ni MH battery is widely used in electric vehicles.3, lithium ion battery Lithium ion battery is a high capacity rechargeable battery developed in 90s, to more than the Ni MH battery
21、 stored energy, high energy density, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect and environmental pollution, is a hot topic in todays energy storage technology research, the main research focus on three aspects of large capacity, long life life and safety. Lithium ion batteries, cath
22、ode materials of lithium ion in the crystal lattice can diffuse freely, when the battery is charged, lithium ion released from cathode, embedded into the anode, and discharge state, namely in the charge discharge cycle process, with the help of the electrolyte of lithium ion battery in reciprocating
23、 motion between the poles to transfer the power can. Lithium ion battery electrode for lithium metal oxide and lithium storage materials, according to the different electrolyte, lithium ion battery can be generally divided into two kinds of lithium-ion battery lithium ion battery and lithium polymer
24、 battery.4, high temperature sodium batteryHigh temperature sodium batteries mainly include sodium nickel chloride battery (NaNiCl2) and sodium sulfur battery two. Sodium nickel chloride battery was invented in 1978, the positive electrode is a solid state NiCl2, the negative electrode is liquid Na,
25、 the electrolyte is a solid beta -Al2O2 ceramics, the charge and discharge of sodium ions through the ceramic electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode drift. Sodium nickel chloride battery is a kind of new energy battery, it has high specific energy (more than 100Wh/kg), no self disch
26、arge effect, resistance to overcharge and overdischarge, quick charging, safe and reliable, but its high working temperature (250-350 DEG C), and the internal resistance and the temperature, electric current and charging state therefore, need to have the heating and cooling system. The sodium sulfur
27、 battery is generally optimistic about the recent electric car battery, it has been the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) listed as interim development of electric vehicle battery, sodium sulfur batteries with high specific energy, but its peak power is low, and the battery working temperatur
28、e of approximately 300 DEG C, sodium and sulfur the melting has potential toxicity, corrosion also limits the reliability and lifetime of the battery.5, zinc air battery (Zinc-air) The zinc air battery is a kind of high energy battery, which can be used to replace the car charging mode. The positive
29、 electrode is Zinc, the negative electrode is Carbon (the oxygen in the air), the electrolyte is KOH. Zinc air battery with high specific energy (200Wh/kg), free maintenance, resistance to harsh working environment, the advantages of clean and safe and reliable, but it has less power than the (90W/k
30、g), cannot store the regenerative braking energy, short service life, can output high current and difficult to charge deficiency. In general to compensate for its shortcomings, the use of zinc air battery electric vehicles will be equipped with other batteries (such as nickel cadmium batteries) to h
31、elp start and accelerate.6, super capacitor Supercapacitor is a kind of energy storage device, which is a kind of electrochemical capacitor, which has the advantages of both battery and traditional physical capacitance. Super capacitor battery and other often combined application of power supply of
32、the electric vehicles, electric vehicles can meet the requirements of power without reducing the performance of the battery, the use of super capacitor, will reduce the requirement of the automobile on the large current discharge of storage battery, reduce battery volume and prolong the service life
33、 of the accumulator to. The development of super capacitors with high specific energy, high specific power, long life, high efficiency and low cost, can improve the dynamic performance of commercial electric vehicles (especially the acceleration capability), economy and driving range. According to t
34、he different electrode materials, super capacitors can be divided into carbon super capacitor (double layer electrochemical capacitance) and metal oxide super capacitor two categories.7, flywheel batteryFlywheel battery is a new concept battery which was put forward in 90s. It breaks through the lim
35、itation of chemical battery and realizes energy storage by physical method. Flywheel battery is a battery with a kinetic mechanical way to store energy, which is composed of motor / generator, power conversion, electronic control, flywheel, magnetic bearing and vacuum shell components, has the advan
36、tages of high power ratio, high energy ratio, high efficiency, long life and good environmental adaptability. Motor in flywheel battery, when charging the motor to motor drive in the form of operation, external power supply, the motor drives the flywheel rotating at high speed (up to 200000rpm), whi
37、ch is used to power the flywheel battery charge increase the rotational speed of the flywheel so as to increase its energy; discharge, motor is in the generator operation state, in the flywheel driven by the output electric energy, mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to complete the conversion of ele
38、ctrical energy. To develop a practical flywheel battery for electric vehicles, it is necessary to further improve its safety and reduce costs.8, fuel cell Fuel cell is a kind of storage in the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant through the electrode reaction directly into electrical energy generati
39、ng device, the basic principle of it is the inverse process of chemical reaction of electrolysis of water, the oxyhydrogen reaction to generate electricity, water and heat. It has no rotating parts, no noise, long service life, high reliability, good maintenance performance does not need to be burne
40、d, and the actual efficiency can reach 2 to 3 times the ordinary internal combustion engine, and the final product is water, achieve truly clean and renewable, no emissions requirements, is the preferred energy in twenty-first Century. Moreover, the fuel cell does not need to be charged as long as o
41、ther batteries, it just need to refuel as much as the car refueling. According to the U.S. ABI research firm predicts that in 2011 the global fuel cell vehicle production will reach 2 million 400 thousand, accounting for about 4.3% of the worlds total automobile production, the Japanese government p
42、lans to popularize fuel cells within the next ten years. December 2002, Japans Toyota Corporation has delivered the first batch of commercial fuel cell electric vehicles to the Japanese government. The fuel cell consists of positive and negative electrodes, the catalyst layer and the electrolyte com
43、position, according to the different electrolytes, the fuel cell can be divided into several types of phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, alkaline, molten carbonate and solid oxide, at present only in proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the most suitable for the use of electric vehicles, Ch
44、ina successfully developed China the first hydrogen powered car is the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A more complete fuel cell system consists of the following components: fuel handling, fuel cells, DC AC converters and thermal management.9, solar cells Solar cell is a device that conve
45、rts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy has been widely used in the fields of lighting, household appliances, power generation, traffic signals, geology, space and so on. At present, some institutions have also been developed using solar battery electric car, but also exists as the sol
46、ar cell photoelectric conversion efficiency is not high, the price is too high, the battery system more complex configuration problems in the near future, only as a supplement to power electric cars, but also the production of application is not large, but the solar energy as an inexhaustible, clean
47、 the inexhaustible energy, research and application of it will make a lot progress. At present, the electric vehicle is in another climax, the development of electric vehicle technology, focusing on two aspects of energy storage technology and power drive system technology. Electric vehicle driving
48、system is relatively fast development of technology, so with the development and breakthrough of energy storage technology, with low cost, high energy density and high power density power battery and low cost, light weight。small volume of the fuel cell product realization of electric vehicles will b
49、ecome the main transportation tool in twenty-first Century.电动汽车用蓄电池的技术状况及发展前景 汽车工业的迅速发展，推动了全球机械、能源等工业的进步以及经济、交通等方面的发展，同时也极大的方便了人们的生活。但是，传统的内燃机汽车所固有的消耗能源、污染环境的缺陷也一直影响和困挠着人们的生活及社会的发展，随着社会的进步和科技的发展，随着保护环境、节约资源的呼声日益高涨，新一代电动汽车电动汽车作为无污染、能源可多样化配置的新型交通工具，近些年来引起了人们的普遍关注并得到了极大的发展。北京要把2008年奥运会办成一届绿色的奥运会，其中的一项工作就是要用环保型的电动汽车来替代目前的内燃机汽车。电动汽车以电力驱动，行驶无排放（或低排放），噪音低，能量转化效率比内燃机汽车高很多，同时电动汽车还具有结构简单、运行费用低等优点，安全性也优于内燃机汽车。但电动汽车目前还存在价格较高、续驶里程较短、动力性能较差等问题，而这些问题都是和电源技术密切相关的，电动汽车实用化的难点仍然在于电源技术，特别是电池（化学电源）技术。目前
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