1、Ludwig WittgensteinTractatus Logico-PhilosophicusTranslated by D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinness With an introduction by Bertrand Russell London and New YorkFirst published in Annalen der Naturphilosophie 1921English edition first published 1922by Kegan Paul, Trench and TrbnerThis translation first p
2、ublished 1961by Routledge & Kegan PaulRevised edition 1974First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup 1961, 1974 Routledge &. Kegan PaulBritish Library Catalogu
3、ing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataA catalog record for this book has been applied forISBN 0-415-25562-7 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-25408-6 (pbk)ContentsTRANSLATORS PREFACE viiINTRODUCTION BY BERTRAND R
4、USSELL ixTractatus Logico-Philosophicus Preface 3Translation 5INDEX 91vTRANSLATORS PREFACEThis edition contains an English translation of Ludwig Wittgensteins Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung, which first appeared in 1921 in the German periodical Annalen der Naturphilosophie. An earlier English tra
5、nslation made by C. K. Ogden with the assistance of F. P. Ramsey appeared in 1922 with the German text printed en face. The present translation was published in 1961, also with the German text. It has now been revised in the light of Wittgensteins own suggestions and comments in his correspondence w
6、ith C. K. Ogden about the first translation. This correspondence has now been published by Professor G. H. von Wright (Black-well, Oxford, and Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston, 1972).Bertrand Russells introduction to the edition of 1922 has been reprinted with his permission. The translatio
7、ns it contains, which are those of Russell himself or of the first English translator, have been left unaltered.1974viiDedicated to the memory ofmy friend David H. Pinsent谨以此书纪念我的朋友大卫宾森特Motto: . . and whatever a man knows, whatever is not mere rumbling and roaring that he has heard, can be said in t
8、hree words.Krnberger题句：人们所知道的而不仅仅是从呼噪喧嚣中听来的一切，都可以用三个词说出来。瞿伦贝尔格PREFACEPerhaps this book will be understood only by someone who has himself already had the thoughts that are expressed in itor at least similar thoughts.So it is not a textbook.Its purpose would be achieved if it gave pleasure to one per
9、son who read and understood it.本书或许只能为那些自己就曾思考过这里所表达的思想或类似的思想的人所理解。因此它不是一本教科书。如果它能给一个读懂它的人以快乐，本书的目的就到达了。The book deals with the problems of philosophy, and shows, I believe, that the reason why these problems are posed is that the logic of our language is misunderstood. The whole sense of the book m
10、ight be summed up in the following words: what can be said at all can be said clearly, and what we cannot talk about we must pass over in silence.本书讨论哲学问题，而且我相信它指出了这些问题都是由于误解我们的语言的逻辑而提出来的。本书的全部旨义可概述如下：但凡可说的东西，都可以明白地说，但凡不可说的东西，那么必须对之沉默。Thus the aim of the book is to draw a limit to thought, or rather
11、not to thought, but to the expression of thoughts: for in order to be able to draw a limit to thought, we should have to find both sides of the limit thinkable (i.e. we should have to be able to think what cannot be thought). /3/因此本书是要为思维划一条界限，或者说得更确切些，不是为思维而是为思维的表达式划一条界限。因为要为思维划一条界限，我们就必须能思及这个界限的两边
12、也就是说，我们必须能思不可思者。It will therefore only be in language that the limit can be drawn, and what lies on the other side of the limit will simply be nonsense.因此只能在语言中划界限，而在界限那一边的东西那么根本是无意义的。I do not wish to judge how far my efforts coincide with those of other philosophers. Indeed, what I have written her
13、e makes no claim to novelty in detail, and the reason why I give no sources is that it is a matter of indifference to me whether the thoughts that I have had have been anticipated by someone else.我无意评断我的努力探求在多大程度上与其他哲学家是一致的。确实，我并不自诩这里所写的东西在细节上有何新颖之处；我也没有说明我的思想的来源，因为我所思考的东西在我之前是否已有他人思考过，对我来说是无所谓的。I w
14、ill only mention that I am indebted to Freges great works and to the writings of my friend Mr Bertrand Russell for much of the stimulation of my thoughts.我只想提到，对我思想的鼓励大都得之于弗雷格的伟著和我的朋友罗素先生的著作。If this work has any value, it consists in two things: the first is that thoughts are expressed in it, and on
15、 this score the better the thoughts are expressedthe more the nail has been hit on the headthe greater will be its value.Here I am conscious of having fallen a long way short of what is possible. Simply because my powers are too slight for the accomplishment of the task.May others come and do it bet
16、ter.如果本书有一种价值的话，那么其价值在如下两点。首先，【187】本书表达了一些思想，这些思想表达得愈好，愈能切中要害，其价值也愈大。这里我自知与可能到达的地步还相距甚远。这只是因为我的能力至为薄弱，不堪胜任这个任务。但愿有别人来做得更好些。On the other hand the truth of the thoughts that are here communicated seems to me unassailable and definitive. I therefore believe myself to have found, on all essential points
17、 the final solution of the problems. And if I am not mistaken in this belief, then the second thing in which the value of this work consists is that it shows how little is achieved when these problems are solved.反之，这里所陈述的思想的真理性，在我看来那么是无可置疑和断然确定的。因此，我认为，问题已经在根本上彻底解决了。如果我在这一点上没有弄错的话，那么本书的价值其次就在于，它指出通
18、过这些问题的解决所完成的东西是如何的少。L.W Vienna, 1918路维，1918年，维也纳【188】/4/11 The decimal numbers assigned to the individual propositions indicate the logical importance of the propositions, the stress laid on them in my exposition. The propositions n.1, n.2, n.3, etc. are comments on proposition no. n; the propositio
19、ns n.m1, n.m2, etc. are comments on proposition no. n.m; and so on. The world is all that is the case.1 书中各命题的十进制数码表示这些命题在逻辑仁是重要的，我要着重加以阐述。n1，n 2，n 3等等是对属于数码n.m的命题的评注；n.m1，n.m2那么是对属于数码n.m的命题的评注；如此等等。 世界是所有发生的事情。1.1 The world is the totality of facts, not of things.1.1 世界是事实的总和，而非事物的总和。1.11 The world
20、 is determined by the facts, and by their being all the facts.1.11 世界是由事实规定的，是由此诸事实即是所有的事实这一点规定的。1.12 For the totality of facts determines what is the case, and also whatever is not the case.1.12 因为事实的总和既规定了发生的事情，也规定了所有未发生的事情。1.13 The facts in logical space are the world.1.13 逻辑空间中的诸事实就是世界。1.2 The w
21、orld divides into facts.1.2 世界分成诸事实。1.21 Each item can be the case or not the case while everything else remains the same.1.21 一件事情可以是发生了的或未发生的，而其余的一切仍保持不变。22 What is the casea factis the existence of states of affairs.2 发生的事情，即事实，是诸事态的存在。2.01 A state of affairs (a state of things) is a combination
22、of objects (things). /5/2.01 事态是诸对象物，事物的一种结合。2.011 It is essential to things that they should be possible constituents of states of affairs.2.011 能成为事态的构成局部，是事物的本质。2.012 In logic nothing is accidental: if a thing can occur in a state of affairs, the possibility of the state of affairs must be writte
23、n into the thing itself.2.012 在逻辑中没有任何东西是偶然的：如果一事物能在一事态中出现，那么这一事态的可能性必已预先设定于这一事物中。2.0121 It would seem to be a sort of accident, if it turned out that a situation would fit a thing that could already exist entirely on its own.If things can occur in states of affairs, this possibility must be in them
24、 from the beginning.(Nothing in the province of logic can be merely possible. Logic deals with every possibility and all possibilities are its facts.)Just as we are quite unable to imagine spatial objects outside space or temporal objects outside time, so too there is no object that we can imagine e
25、xcluded from the possibility of combining with others.If I can imagine objects combined in states of affairs, I cannot imagine them excluded from the possibility of such combinations.2.0121 如果一个事况是在事后才去适合一个能独立自在的事物的，【189】那么这似乎就是一种偶然出现的事情了。如果事物能够在事态中出现，那么这种可能性必已存在于事物之中。逻辑的东西不会仅仅是可能的。逻辑研究每一可能性，一切可能性都是
26、它的事实。正如我们根本不可能离开空间去想像空间的对象，离开时间去想像时间的对象，我们也不可能在其与其他对象联系的可能性之外去想像任何对象。如果我能在事态的联系中想像一个对象，那么我就不可能在这种联系的可能性之外去想像这个对象。2.0122 Things are independent in so far as they can occur in all possible situations, but this form of independence is a form of connexion with states of affairs, a form of dependence. (I
27、t is impossible for words to appear in two different roles: by themselves, and in propositions.)2.0122 就其能在一切可能的事况中出现而言，事物是独立的，但是这种独立的形式乃是一种与事态相联系的形式，一种依存的形式。语词不可能以两种不同的方式出现：单独出现和在命题中出现。2.0123 If I know an object I also know all its possible occurrences in states of affairs.(Every one of these possi
28、bilities must be part of the nature of the object.)A new possibility cannot be discovered later.2.0123 如果我知道一个对象，我也就知道它在事态中出现的一切可能性。每一个这样的可能性必然就在对象的本性之中。新的可能性不可能是后来才发现的。2.01231 If I am to know an object, though I need not know its external properties, I must know all its internal properties. /6/2.01
29、231 要知道一个对象，我不必知道它的外在特性，但是我必须知道它的一切内在特性。2.0124 If all objects are given, then at the same time all possible states of affairs are also given.2.0124 假定一切对象为己知，那么由此也就一切可能的事态。2.013 Each thing is, as it were, in a space of possible states of affairs. This space I can imagine empty, but I cannot imagine
30、the thing without the space.2.013 每个事物都可以说是在一个可能事态的空间中。我可以想像这个空间是空的，但是不能想像不在空间中的事物。2.0131 A spatial object must be situated in infinite space. (A spatial point is an argument-place.)A speck in the visual field, though it need not be red, muse have some colour: it is, so to speak, surrounded, by colo
31、ur-space. Notes muse have some pitch, objects of the sense of touch some degree of hardness, and so on.2.0131 空间对象必处于无限空间之内空间点就是一个主目位置。视野上的一个斑块不必是红的，但是它必有一种颜色；【190】可以说它是被颜色空间围绕着的。音调必有某一高度，触觉对象必有某一硬度，如此等等。2.014 Objects contain the possibility of all situations.2.014 对象包含着一切事况的可能性。2.0141 The possibili
32、ty of its occurring in states of affairs is the form of an object.2.0141 对象在事态中出现的可能性就是对象的形式。2.02 Objects are simple.2.02 对象是简单的。2.0201 Every statement about complexes can be resolved into a statement about their constituents and into the propositions that describe the complexes completely.2.0201 每个
33、关于复合物的陈述都可以分析为关于其组成局部的陈述，分析为完全地描述了复合物的那些命题。2.021 Objects make up the substance of the world. That is why they cannot be composite.2.021 对象构成世界的实体。因此它们不可能是组合成的。2.0211 If the world had no substance, then whether a proposition had sense would depend on whether another proposition was true.2.0211 如果世界没有
34、实体，那么一个命题有无意义就要取决于另一个命题是不是真的了。2.0212 In that case we could not sketch any picture of the world (true or false).2.0212 如果这样，要勾画出一幅世界的图像真的或假的就是不可能的。2.022 It is obvious that an imagined world, however different it may be from the real one, must have somethinga formin common with it.2.022 显然，即使一个与实在的世界极
35、其不同的想像的世界，也必然与实在的世界有某种共同的东西一种形式。2.023 Objects are just what constitute this unalterable form. /7/2.023 这种固定的形式正是由对象构成的。2.0231 The substance of the world can only determine a form, and not any material properties. For it is only by means of propositions that material properties are represented only b
36、y the configuration of objects that they are produced.2.0231 世界的实体只能规定一种形式，而不能规定任何实质的特性。因为后者只能通过命题来表现，只能由对象的配置而成。【Wittgensteins distinction between the configuration of objects producing material properties (2.0231) and producing purely determinate structures ，对象的配置构成事态) reminds us of Kants distinct
37、ion between the phenomenal and the noumenal.】2.023 In a manner of speaking, objects are colourless.2.0232 附带说一下，对象是无色的。2.0233 If two objects have the same logical form, the only distinction between them, apart from their external properties, is that they are different.2.0233 两个具有相同逻辑形式的对象，除了它们的外在特性不
38、同之外，其所以互相有别只是由于它们是不同的对象。 Either a thing has properties that nothing else has, in which case we can immediately use a description to distinguish it from the others and refer to it; or, on the other hand, there are several things that have the whole set of their properties in common, in which case it
39、is quite impossible to indicate one of them.For if there is nothing to distinguish a thing, I cannot distinguish it, since otherwise it would be distinguished after all.2.02331 或者一个事物具有其他任何事物所没有的特性，从而我们可以直接通过一种描述使它从其他事物中突显出来并把它指出来；或者有假设干事物，它们的一切特性都是共同的，从而根本不可能指出其中的任何一个事物。因为如果没有任何东西能使一个事物明白显现出来，那么我就不
40、可能把它明辨出来，因为否那么它就会明白显现出来了。【191】2.024 Substance is what subsists independently of what is the case.2.024 实体是独立于发生的事情而存在的东西。2.025 It is form and content.2.025 它是形式和内容。2.0251 Space, time, and colour (being coloured) are forms of objects.2.0251 空间、时间和颜色有色性是对象的形式。2.026 There must be objects, if the world
41、is to have an unalterable form.2.026 只有对象存在，才可能有世界的固定形式。2.027 Objects, the unalterable, and the subsistent are one and the same.2.027 固定的东西，常住的东西和对象是同一个东西。2.0271 Objects are what is unalterable and subsistent; their configuration is what is changing and unstable.2.0271 对象是固定的东西，常住的东西；配置是变动不居的东西。2.02
42、72 The configuration of objects produces states of affairs. /8/2.0272 对象的配置构成事态。2.03 In a state of affairs objects fit into one another like the links of a chain.2.03 在事态中，对象犹如一条链子上的诸环节那样互相衔接。2.031 In a state of affairs objects stand in a determinate relation to one another.2.031 在事态中，对象以一定的方式互相联系。2
43、032 The determinate way in which objects are connected in a state of affairs is the structure of the state of affairs.2.032 对象在事态中相互联系的方式就是事态的结构。2.033 Form is the possibility of structure.2.033 形式是结构的可能性。2.034 The structure of a fact consists of the structures of states of affairs.2.034 事实的结构是由事态的结
44、构所构成的。2.04 The totality of existing states of affairs is the world.2.04 存在的事态的总和就是世界。2.05 The totality of existing states of affairs also determines which states of affairs do not exist.2.05 存在的事态的总和也规定了哪些事态不存在。2.06 The existence and non-existence of states of affairs is reality.(We also call the ex
45、istence of states of affairs a positive fact, and their non-existence a negative fact.)2.06 事态的存在与非存在就是实在。我们也称事态的存在为正的事实，事态的非存在为负的事实。2.061 States of affairs are independent of one another.2.061 事态是彼此独立的。2.062 From the existence or non-existence of one state of affairs it is impossible to infer the e
46、xistence or non-existence of another.2.062 从一个事态的存在或非存在不可能推出另一事态的存在或非存在。2.063 The sum-total of reality is the world. 2.063 全部的实在就是世界。2.1 We picture facts to ourselves.2.1 我们给自己绘制事实的图像。2.11 A picture presents a situation in logical space, the existence and non-existence of states of affairs.2.11 图像表现
47、逻辑空间中的事况，即事态的存在与非存在。2.12 A picture is a model of reality.2.12 图像是实在的一个模型。2.13 In a picture objects have the elements of the picture corresponding to them. /9/2.13 在图像中图像的成分与对象相对应。【192】2.131 In a picture the elements of the picture are the representatives of objects.2.131 在图像中图像的成分代表对象。2.14 What cons
48、titutes a picture is that its elements are related to one another in a determinate way.2.14 图像之成为图像在于其诸成分以一定的方式互相联系。2.141 A picture is a fact.2.141 图像是一事实。2.15 The fact that the elements of a picture are related to one another in a determinate way represents that things are related to one another in the same way.Let u
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