1、高中英语词汇教学漫谈高中英语词汇教学漫谈杭州市余杭第二高级中学杭州市余杭第二高级中学 周建林周建林2011.2.27 杭州杭州2021/3/101授课：XXX讲座提纲讲座提纲l一、英语词汇教学研究简介l二、中学英语词汇教学要求l三、中学英语词汇教学现状l四、英语词汇教学方法探讨l五、教程、读物、词典l六、几点总结2021/3/102授课：XXX第一部分第一部分 英语词汇教学研究简介英语词汇教学研究简介l词汇的重要性l词汇习得与阅读l词汇知识l“词块”的概念l一些语料库统计数据2021/3/103授课：XXX词汇对意义表达的重要性词汇对意义表达的重要性lWilkins(1972):Without
2、 grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.lWiddowson(1978):native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utterances with accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccurate vocabulary.2021/3/104授课：XXX词汇知识促进阅读理解词汇知识促进阅读理解lAn improvement in r
3、eading comprehension can be attributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge.(Beck,Perfetti,and McKeown,1982;Kameenui,Carnine,and Freschi,1982;Stahl,1983)lIncreased proficiency in high-frequency vocabulary also led to an increase in reading proficiency.(Coady,Magoto,Hubbard,Graney and Mokhtari,1993
4、)2021/3/105授课：XXX阅读是习得词汇的主要途径阅读是习得词汇的主要途径lKrashen(1989;1991;1993a;1993b):reading is the most efficient means by which to acquire new vocabulary.lKrashen(1993b):Free voluntary reading is the optimal form of comprehensible input;reading provides“messages we understand presented in a low-anxiety situat
5、ion”.2021/3/106授课：XXXWord knowledge 词汇知识词汇知识lOrthographical form 拼写形式lPhonological form 语音形式lMeaning 词义lGrammatical behavior 语法特征lAssociations 联想lCollocations 词语搭配lFrequency 词频lRegister 语域2021/3/107授课：XXXLexical chunks 词块词块lVocabulary items are often not single orthographical units,but rather multi-
6、word units.lThe mind uses“chunks”of prefabricated language because these are easier to process and use than an equivalent number of individual words that have to be strung together via syntactical rules.(Lewis,1993)2021/3/108授课：XXX词块的重要性词块的重要性lpragmatic competence is determined by a learners ability
7、 to access and adapt prefabricated“chunks”of language.(Mattinger&DeCarrico,1992)llexical items are central to language use and should be central to language teaching:“Language consists of grammaticalised lexis,not lexicalised grammar”(Lewis,1993)llanguage production is not a syntactic rule-governed
8、process but is instead the retrieval of larger phrasal units from memory.(Sinclair,Nattinger,DeCarrico&Lewis)2021/3/109授课：XXX扩大词汇量的主要方式扩大词汇量的主要方式lIncidental learning from context during free reading is the major mode of vocabulary acquisition during the school years,and the volume of experience with
9、 written language,interacting with reading comprehension ability,is the major determinant of vocabulary growth.(Nagy,Herman,and Anderson,1985)2021/3/1010授课：XXXVocabulary size and text coverage in the Brown corpuslVocabulary sizel1,000l2,000l3,000l4,000l5,000l6,000l15,851lText coveragel72.0%l79.7%l84
10、0%l86.8%l88.7%l89.9%l97.8%(taken from Francis and Kucera,1982)2021/3/1011授课：XXX第二部分第二部分 中学英语词汇教学要求中学英语词汇教学要求l课标的词汇要求l教材对词汇的不同要求l“掌握”词汇涉及哪些方面2021/3/1012授课：XXX课标七级词汇知识目标描述课标七级词汇知识目标描述l理解话语中词汇表达的不同功能、意图和态度等；l运用词汇给事物命名、进行指称、描述行为和特征、说明概念等；l学会使用2400-2500个单词和300-400个习惯用语或固定搭配；l了解英语单词的词义变化以及日常生活中新出现的词汇。202
11、1/3/1013授课：XXX课标八级词汇知识目标描述课标八级词汇知识目标描述l运用词汇理解和表达不同的功能、意图和态度等；l在比较复杂的情况下，运用词汇给事物命名、进行指称、描述行为和特征、说明概念等；l学会使用3500个左右的单词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配。2021/3/1014授课：XXX中学英语教材中的词汇分类中学英语教材中的词汇分类l课标词汇（不带课标词汇（不带 符号的）符号的）Productive vocabulary；Receptive vocabularyl重点词汇和短语（黑体字）重点词汇和短语（黑体字）Productive vocabularyl不要求掌握的词汇（带不
12、要求掌握的词汇（带 符号的）符号的）Receptive vocabularyl词汇知识连续体词汇知识连续体 RecognitionAutomaticproductionIntermediatestages2021/3/1015授课：XXX第三部分第三部分 中学英语词汇教学现状中学英语词汇教学现状l学生词汇学习的困难和问题l学生词汇使用错误实例分析l学生词汇学习困难实例分析l学生词汇错误及困难分类l学生词汇学习的常见误区l教师词汇教学中的问题、原因及对策2021/3/1016授课：XXXLaufer的词汇障碍分类的词汇障碍分类lWords you dont knowlWords you thin
13、k you knowlWords you cant guesslThe turning point of vocabulary size for reading comprehension is about 3,000 word families,or about 5,000 lexical items(Laufer,1991a)2021/3/1017授课：XXX中学生英语词汇学习的问题和困难中学生英语词汇学习的问题和困难l拼写错误或困难l读音不准或困难（特别是元音、重音）l使用中单词形态无变化或错误l用法错误（词类混淆、属性不分、无视句型、中式表达）l同义词辨析困难l词义理解偏差或错误l语境
14、猜词能力差，硬套词汇表释义2021/3/1018授课：XXX学生书面表达中的词汇错误学生书面表达中的词汇错误lAnd I can understand your difficults.lI belived if your mother knowlWe are not babys.lDont angry with your mother./Dont worried.lI hope you can successful.lStudents disagree their mothers thoughts.拼写错误词性错误2021/3/1019授课：XXX学生书面表达中的词汇错误学生书面表达中的词汇错
15、误lYou can make decision on your own.lWhen you gets into troubles,you should ask your mother for help first.lI wish you slove the problem perfectly.lI wish you could solution this problem.lIn my opinion,you cant hurt/injure your mothers heart./you cant make mothers heart hurt.(break her heart;hurt he
16、r feelings)语法属性错误搭配、习惯表达方式错误2021/3/1020授课：XXX Soon after the appearance of Diners Club,banks decided to get involved in the credit card business.In 1956,Bank of America offered a new kind of credit card.With this card,you could either pay your bill in full at the end of the month or make smaller mon
17、thly payments.If you didnt pay in full,however,you had to pay interest on your debt.Credit cards started as a convenience for customers.Businesses used them to hold on to their most valued customers学生阅读中词汇困难（实例学生阅读中词汇困难（实例 1）2021/3/1021授课：XXX学生英语词汇错误及困难分类学生英语词汇错误及困难分类（1）l拼写错误拼写错误：destory;beleive;ach
18、eive;recieve;foreward;benifit;goverment;progamesl读音错误读音错误：organize;recognize;calculator;tire;fire;smilel近似混淆近似混淆：custom/customer;wonder/wander;effect/affect;prevent/protect;invite/inventl辨析困难辨析困难：clever/wise;damage/injure;travel/tour/trip/journey;cross/across;every/each;against/oppose;instead/replac
19、e;success/succeed/successful;cost/worth2021/3/1022授课：XXX学生英语词汇错误及困难分类学生英语词汇错误及困难分类（2）l未发现联系导致记忆负担加重未发现联系导致记忆负担加重：image/imagine;mind/remind;remember/memory;receipt/receive;solve/solution;contain/content;participate/take part in;speech/speak;feed/food;bleed/blood;hot/heat;gift/give;century/centimeter/
20、percentl不懂拼读规或构词法死记硬背不懂拼读规或构词法死记硬背：reproduction;independence;international;occasionally;performance;concentration;mathematics;congratulation;civilization;communication;responsibility;representative;significance;unfortunately;technologically;economically;sympathetic;phenomenon2021/3/1023授课：XXX学生英语词汇错
21、误及困难分类学生英语词汇错误及困难分类（3）l词义误解词义误解：lShe went home after class because she felt uncomfortable.lThe five-year-old boy is very wise.lDo you know Obama?lWhat can we know from the last paragraph?lI was late because I had to send my mother to hospital.lI went to Janes party and sent her a CD.lI slept very la
22、te last night.lWould you help me look after my dog while Im away?lThey asked me to introduce my method of learning English.2021/3/1024授课：XXX学生英语词汇错误及困难分类学生英语词汇错误及困难分类（4）l词类属性错误词类属性错误：lWenchuan happened a big earthquake on May 12,2008.lA big earthquake was happened in Wenchuan on May 12,2008.lThe des
23、ign was proved to be a success.lHe has bought some furnitures for his new apartment.l Im going to ask her to marry with me on St Valentines Day.l搭配错误搭配错误：to this direction;by/through this way;be familiar to/with?;agree to/with/?;because of this reason;a great number of money 2021/3/1025授课：XXX学生英语词汇错
24、误及困难分类学生英语词汇错误及困难分类（5）l句型（结构）错误句型（结构）错误：lI hope you to come again.lWelcome to visit our school!lI look forward to see you soon.lI wish you succeed/successful.lOur teacher suggested us to read stories.lYou are necessary to increase your English vocabulary.lThe heavy snow made people impossible to dri
25、ve.2021/3/1026授课：XXX中学生英语词汇学习的误区中学生英语词汇学习的误区l只关注拼写和汉语释义，忽视英语解释、形态变化、语法属性、特定内涵、适用句型（结构）l只学单词本身，不记搭配（词块）和相关词汇（同义词、反义词等）l脱离语境“背单词”，不熟读课文，不抄例句l满足于reception（我懂了），忽视production（我会用了吗？）l过度依赖教辅书，懒得动手查词典l只是死记硬背，不动脑筋，不找规律l重视记忆，忽视运用（造句、表达思想）2021/3/1027授课：XXX对高中生英语词汇学习的建议对高中生英语词汇学习的建议l跟老师或录音正确朗读单词、短语l听老师讲解具体单词的知
26、识和记忆方法（拼读规则、构词法、词族、搭配、同义词、反义词、联想、记忆术、适用句型、特殊用法等）l动手抄写单词（包括变化形态）l自己查词典，摘抄英语释义、句型、例句，并模仿造句（不要用词汇手册）l在口语练习和书面表达中尽量多用刚学的词汇l认真对待自己作业中的词汇错误l熟读课文，强化词汇记忆l课外大量泛读泛听，增加词汇接触机会Explicit vocabulary teachingDeep processing2021/3/1028授课：XXX教师在英语词汇教学中存在的教师在英语词汇教学中存在的问题、原因分析及建议问题、原因分析及建议l过度关注单词的拼写和汉语释义，忽视其他要素l脱离语境教词汇（
27、领读，空讲用法）l没有创设足够多的词汇运用机会l对学生书面作业中的词汇错误没有应对措施l好的词汇专项练习不多l缺少词汇学习策略、方法、技巧的指导l只授之以“鱼”，没有向学生揭示词汇内在规律l词汇教学方法随机性（incidental）较大，计划性（intentional）不够2021/3/1029授课：XXX第四部分第四部分 英语词汇教学方法讨论英语词汇教学方法讨论l直接词汇教学法l间接词汇教学法l“记忆术”（mnemonic）的应用l“深层加工”假设l中学英语词汇教学的基本原则2021/3/1030授课：XXX英语词汇的两类教学方法英语词汇的两类教学方法l直接教学法（direct/explic
28、it/intentional）以词汇教学为教学目标，对词的结构、意义和用法进行分析、讲解和操练；有计划的l间接教学法（indirect/implicit/incidental）通过阅读、听说等活动，间接地达到扩大词汇量的目的；随机的directindirect2021/3/1031授课：XXX实证研究一：实证研究一：Yun,1989l对象：32名中等水平的ESL学生l材料：Tom Sawyer的简写本l测试：书中的60个生词l方法：前测；后测l结果：这本书读完一遍后，学生无意地（incidentally）学会了书中约16%的生词，平均每人学会了106个生词。2021/3/1032授课：XXX实
29、证研究二：实证研究二：Dupuy and Krashen,1993l对象：美国学法语的学生l材料：电影Trs hommes et un couffinl方法：课堂上阅读电影剧本和观看电影l结果：1小时内无意地学到了510个生词。2021/3/1033授课：XXX词汇教学的一些方法词汇教学的一些方法lMnemonic 记忆术记忆术(Elllis&Beaton,1993;Hulstijin,1997;Levin,Levin,Glashman,&Nordwall,1992;Pressley et al.,1987;Wang,Thomas,&Quellette,1992)lBilingual dict
30、ionaries and and text glossaries 双语词典和词汇表双语词典和词汇表(Bensoussan,Sim,and Weiss,1984;Knight,1994)lIncidental word learning 随机词汇学习随机词汇学习(Dupuy&Krashen,1993;Fraser,1999;Paribakht&Wesche,1997,1999;Pitts,White,&Krashen,1989)Source:Insights into Second Language Research(Koda,K.,2005)2021/3/1034授课：XXX中学英语词汇教学的
31、基本原则中学英语词汇教学的基本原则l平衡explicit与implicit两种词汇教学方法l既要教具体的词汇，也要教学习词汇的策略、方法与技巧l既要扩大词汇数量，也要重视词汇的质量l以语境教学为主，其他手段为辅l遵循英语词汇本身的规律（拼读规则，构词法，用法分类，语义关系）l遵循大脑学习及记忆原理（多感官并用，意义记忆，重复，记忆术）l遵循学用结合的语言交际原则2021/3/1035授课：XXX第五部分第五部分 教程、读物、词典、语料库教程、读物、词典、语料库l高中英语阅读词汇教程l课外英语分级读物l几种英语学习词典l几个著名英语语料库2021/3/1036授课：XXX几本引进版阅读与词汇教程
32、几本引进版阅读与词汇教程l中学生百科英语中学生百科英语（共4册）清华大学出版社l中学生英语阅读新视野中学生英语阅读新视野（共4册）上海教育出版社，海文音像出版社l高中生英语阅读策略高中生英语阅读策略（共3册）浙江大学出版社l积极英语阅读教程积极英语阅读教程（第二版，共5级）上海外语教育出版社出版 2021/3/1037授课：XXX课外泛读读物课外泛读读物l“牛津书虫”分级读物（外研社）l国家地理科学探索丛书（外研社）l轻松英语名作欣赏（外研社）l外教社-朗文中学英语分级读物新课标百科丛书l外研社-DK英汉对照百科读物l外国文学名著快听读系列（青岛出版社l典范英语（群言出版社）2021/3/10
33、38授课：XXX几个权威英语词汇表几个权威英语词汇表lLongman Defining Vocabulary:around 2,000 words(based on the Longman Corpus Network)lLongman Communication 3000:S1,S2,S3;W,W2,W3(based on the Longman Corpus Network)lOxford 3000:just under 3,000 words(based on the BNC and Oxford Corpus Collection)lA Frequency Dictionary of
34、Contemporary American English:top 5000 most frequently-used words,plus 31 thematic vocabulary lists,(based on COCA)2021/3/1039授课：XXX推荐高中生英语词典推荐高中生英语词典牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版）朗文当代高级英语词典（第4版）剑桥高阶英汉双解词典牛津英汉双解小词典（第9版）2021/3/1040授课：XXX几本著名英语词典的词汇数据几本著名英语词典的词汇数据词典LongmanOxfordCambridgeMacmillan总收词量230,000词条短语词义183
35、500170,000?释义词释义词汇量汇量20003000?2500标记高频词汇30003000E:4900 I:3300A:370075002021/3/1041授课：XXX推荐给英语教师的词典推荐给英语教师的词典lCambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary(3rd edition)lCollins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary(5th edition)lLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English(5th edition)lMacmillan Englis
36、h Dictionary for Advanced Learners(2nd edition)lOxford Advanced Learners Dictionary(8th edition)lMerriam-Webstes Advanced Learners English Dictionaryl灵格斯词霸l巴比伦电脑词典2021/3/1042授课：XXXMerriam-Websters AdvancedLearners English Dictionarydemand verb-mands;-manded;-manding+obj 1:to say in a forceful way th
37、at something must be done or given to you:to say that you have a right to(something)The customer demanded a refund;He demanded an apology.Parents demanded that the teacher resign.The reporter demanded to see the documents.I demand to know what is going on here!l2:to say or ask(something)in a very fo
38、rceful way “Come here at once!”he demanded.“Why wont you answer me?”she demanded.l3:to require(something)He is very sick and demands constant care.=he has to be given constant care The situation demands immediate action.A certain standard of dress is demanded by some professions.=some people have to
39、 dress a certain way because of their jobs The job demands too much of him.=the job requires him to do too much The group demands=insists on total honesty from its members.22021/3/1043授课：XXX总结总结l1.基础词汇/高频词汇（约3,000）宜用“直接词汇教学法”（Direct/Explicit/Intentional）；l2.既教给学生基础词汇，也教给他们应对低频词汇的策略、方法和技巧；l3.“直接词汇教学法
40、并不等于脱离语境教词汇；l4.拼读规则、构词法知识是帮助学生记忆单词拼写的法宝；2021/3/1044授课：XXX总结总结l5.要掌握高频词汇丰富的词汇知识，不仅能理解，而且能用来表达；l6.大量阅读（或聆听）各类分级读物是丰富词汇知识和扩大词汇量的最佳途径（“间接词汇学习法”）；l7.主动口笔头运用所学词汇是巩固词汇的最好办法。2021/3/1045授课：XXX我在词汇教学中的一些做法我在词汇教学中的一些做法l先让学生快速浏览语篇，用荧光笔标出生词。l要求把语篇中的生词注释写在页边，而不是在字里行间。l通过查词典，编写My Dictionary学习重点词汇。l通过Lingoes词霸，选用简
41、洁易懂英语释义，如同义词、反义词等帮助学生掌握精准的词汇。l通过提示单词用法，帮助学生避免或减少错误。l分析构词，给出“词族”，画Word map，帮助学生建立词汇的内在联系。l通过动作、简笔画帮助学生形象地理解记忆词汇。l查词典时要求学生通过替换的方式，仿照词典例句造句。l有意识地在课堂教学用语中使用刚学过的或正在学习的生词。l通过有计划的课外阅读（“英语语感阅读”）巩固基础词汇。l让学生口头复述或书面缩写课文。2021/3/1046授课：XXXThank youl感谢您的聆听l敬请批评指正lzhou_2021/3/1047授课：XXX 素材和资料部分来自素材和资料部分来自网络，如有帮助请下载网络，如有帮助请下载!2021/3/1048
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