1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题When the Bastille fell in 1789, many observers concluded that France had joined the United States in the attempt to become an enlightened republic. Ever since, eyewitnesses and then historianshave sought to explain the complex connections between these revol
2、utions. Scholarship falls into two general camps: authors who compare the revolutions trajectories and achievements; and those who are interested in impact, how each country influenced the other. Both approaches are central to narratives of the early United States, affecting interpretations of natio
3、nalism, political life, and the economy, among other issues. For all that we know about these sister republics, Philipp Ziesches Cosmopolitan Patriots and Doina Pasca Harsanyis Lessons from America remind us how much remains underexplored. These works shed new light on the relationship between Franc
4、e and the United States in the 1790s, and they do so through the purview of migrants. Ziesche focuses on elite Americans who were drawn to Paris for ideological and economic reasons, while Harsanyi considers French nobles who found themselves on the wrong side of revolution and ended up in temporary
5、 exile in Philadelphia. For both historians, these emigrants offer an advantageous perspective because of their dislocation. Although the motivation for each groups move differed (one was voluntarily, the other not), marginality in their host nations led them to reflect, with keen insight, on what t
6、he United States could learn from France and vice versa. Their experiences, the authors argue, show us how some influential men made sense of the reverberations of revolutions. Philipp Ziesches Americans in Paris are familiar faces, including Thomas Jefferson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Paine, Joel B
7、arlow, and James Monroe. For Ziesches purposes, whats most important about these “patriots” is their cosmopolitanismtheir belief that all men were fellow citizens of the world, united by a common set of values that elided national, religious, linguistic, and other differences. This notion encouraged
8、 them to travel to Paris in the 1790s, thinking that they, armed with republican know-how, could be useful to their French counterparts in the translation of universal ideals into practice. But the project of creating republican nations was, to a certain extent, at odds with cosmopolitanism, since n
9、ations, it was believed, reflected the mores and manners unique to a population and place. Ziesche points out, however, that individual national projects always looked elsewhere for instruction, and they derived legitimacy, in part, from official recognition by other nations. Universalism was an ine
10、scapable component of nationalism. The cosmopolitan patriots were well aware of the tension between the particular and the universal in the making of republican nations, and their wrestling with this dynamic in the French context influenced their vision for the United States. Each chapter explores a
11、n aspect of this problem through one or more individuals, all the while progressing chronologically through the decade. Ziesche begins with Thomas Jefferson and Gouverneur Morris and their impressions of the new French constitution of 1789, and he then considers the divergent stances of William Shor
12、t and Jefferson on the Jacobins and revolutionary violence. 1.What makes scholarship fall into the two camps according to the passage?2.What is the common ground between the two historians of Philipp Ziesche and Doina Pasca Harsanyi?3.The word “elided” in Paragraph 3 refers to （ ）.4.Who are those “c
13、osmopolitan patriots” according to the passage?5.Which of the following statements can be added to the passage?问题1选项A.Who those cosmopolitan patriots are.B.What those cosmopolitan patriots did to the new republics.C.The relationship between American Revolution and French Revolution in the eighteenth
14、 century.D.The lessons from American Revolution and French Revolution.问题2选项A.The same explanation of nationalism and universalism.B.The explorative explanation of the connections between revolutions taking place in the United States and France from the perspective of migrants.C.The common interest i
15、n finding the same drive behind the American nationalism and French nationalism.D.The belief that all men are united by the same set of values.问题3选项A.elicitedB.elevatedC.ignoredD.illustrated问题4选项A.The influential American immigrants in France.B.Those elites in both in the United States and France.C.
16、Emigrants both from the United States and France.D.French nobles in the United States.问题5选项A.Harsanyis Lessons from America considered how the experiences of exiled Frenchmen in Philadelphia shaped their hopes for the French government.B.What the differences between the United States and France are.
17、C.Why the United States and France are both called republic.D.Why the Bastille fell.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句“Ever since, eyewitnesses and then historianshave sought to explain the complex connections between these revolutions.”，可知从那时起，一些见证者和历史学家试图解释这些复杂革命之间的相互联系。所以是法国革命和美国
18、革命之间的相互联系使学术界分成了两大阵营。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“These works shed new light on the relationship between France and the United States in the 1790s, and they do so through the purview of migrants.”，可知他们的作品都重新阐述了18世纪90年代法国和美国的关系，并且都是通过移民的角度来阐述的。所以他们都从移民的角度对美国革命和法国革命之间的联系进行探索性的解释。选项B符合题意。3.词义理解题。根据文章第三段“
19、their belief that all men were fellow citizens of the world, united by a common set of values that elided national, religious, linguistic, and other differences.”，可知他们的信仰是“所有的人都是世界上的公民”，因为一些共同的价值观而被统一起来，这些价值观是忽略了民族、宗教、语言和其他各方面的差异的。所以应该选出“忽略”的同义词。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段“thinking that they, armed with r
20、epublican know-how, could be useful to their French counterparts in the translation of universal ideals into practice.”，可知他们认为掌握了共和国的专业知识，他们对于法国同胞来说，将普世理想转化为现实是有帮助的。所以那些“世界性的爱国者”是在法国具有影响力的美国移民。选项A符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章结构，第二段中提到了Ziesche和Harsanyi两人的作品，从两类移民的角度而写出，下文主要讲述Ziesche作品中，美国精英根据在法国的所闻所见而对自己的国家产生了新的愿景
21、and their wrestling with thisdynamic in the French context influenced their vision for the United States（第四段）”。因此可推测下文中会对Harsanyi的“从美国汲取的教训”这本书，从被放逐至美国的法国贵族这一角度出发写出他们对法国的一些思考或希望。因此A选项符合文意。2. 单选题The reality is that only by preventing man-made debris from getting into the ocean in the first place （ ）
22、a measureable reduction （ ）accomplished.问题1选项A.XXB.willbeC.thatwill beD.willX【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据题目，is后是由that引导的表语从句，从句是由only引导的一个倒装句，所以用部分倒装结构，将助动词will提前。句意：事实就是，只有首先阻止人造垃圾排入海洋，将会实现一种可量化的减少。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The “Cuban incident” could have developed into a full-fledged crisis between the two superpowers, bu
23、t preventative diplomacy （ ） it.问题1选项A.shortenedB.acceleratedC.absorbedD.aborted【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。shorten “缩短”；accelerate “加速”；absorb “吸收”；abort “使终止”。句意：“古巴事件”差点成为两个超级大国之间的全面危机，但预防性的外交却使危机终止。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Today in the techno-societies there is an almost ironclad consensus about the future of freedom.
24、 Maximum individual choice is regarded as the democratic ideal. Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a dark vision of the future, in which people appear as mindless consumer creatures, surrounded by standardized goods, educated in standardi
25、zed schools, fed a diet of standardized mass culture, and forced to adopt standardized styles of life.Such predictions have spawned a generation of future haters and technophobes, as one might expect. One of the most extreme of there is a French religious mystic, Jacques Ellul, whose books are enjoy
26、ing a campus vogue. According to Ellul, man was far freer in the past when “Choice was a real possibility for him.” By contrast, today, the human being is “no longer in any sense the agent of choice.” And, as for tomorrow, “In the future, man will apparently be confined to the role of a recording de
27、vice.” Robbed of choice, he will be acted upon, not active. He will live, Ellul warns, in a totalitarian state run by a velvet-gloved Gestapo.This same theme-the loss of choice -runs through much of the work of Arnold Toynbee. It is repeated by everyone from hippie gurus to Supreme Court justices, t
28、abloid editorialists and existentialist philosophers. Put in its simplest form, the theory of Vanishing Choice rests on a crude syllogism: science and technology have fostered standardization. Science and technology will advance, making the future even more standardized than the present. Ergo, man w
29、ill progressively lose his freedom of choice.If instead of blindly accepting this syllogism, we stop to analyze it, however, we make an extraordinary discovery. For not only is the logic itself faulty, the entire idea is premised on sheer factual ignorance about the nature, the meaning and the direc
30、tion of the super-industrial revolution.Certainly, it would be difficult to deny that industrialism has had a leveling effect. Our ability to produce millions of nearly identical units it the growing achievement of the industrial age. Thus, when intellectuals bewail the sameness of our material good
31、s, they accurately reflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism.In the same breath, however, they reveal shocking ignorance about the character of super-industrialism. Focused on what society was, they are blinded to what it is fast becoming, for the society of the future will offer not a res
32、tricted, standardized flow of goods, but the greatest variety of unstandardized goods and services any society has ever seen. We are moving got towards a further extension of material standardization, but towards its dialectical negation.The end of standardization is already in sight. However, the p
33、ace varies from industry to industry, and from country to country.1.The predictions about the future made by many writers, in the authors opinion, are （ ）.2.The author gives the works of Jacques Ellul and Arnold Toynbee as examples to prove that （ ）.3.By saying “In the future, man will apparently be
34、 confined to the role of a recording device” (Paragraph 2), Ellul implies that he (man) （ ）.4.The authors attitude toward intellectuals in Paragraph 5 and 6 is one of （ ）.5.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.pleasingD.reasonable问题2选项A.a generation
35、 of future will become haters and technophobesB.science and technology will certainly advanceC.man will gradually lose his freedom of choiceD.science and technology will make the future more standardized问题3选项A.will record what other people say and then follow themB.will imitate other people when he
36、takes actionsC.can do whatever he wishesD.can do nothing but follow others问题4选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题5选项A.People in the future will eventually lose all of their freedom.B.The society of the future will become more standardized.C.Standardizatio
37、n will take a predominant position in the society of the future.D.The society of the future will have a dialectical effect of both standardization and unstandardization.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal.
38、They conjure up a dark vision of the future”，可知大多数作家预测，我们将离这一理想越来越远。他们对未来产生了一种黑暗的幻想。可判断出作家对未来的预测是悲观的。选项A符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第二段第一句， “Such predictions have spawned a generation of future haters and technophobes, as one might expect.”，可知正如人们可能预期的那样，这样的预测催生了未来一代的仇恨者和技术恐惧症患者。这是一个总的结论，作者在下文举了Jacques Ellul的例子来
39、证明此观点。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Robbed of choice, he will be acted upon, not active.”，可知人们被剥夺了选择的机会，他的行动会变得被动。可判断出人们变得没有主动权，只会跟随别人。选项D符合题意。4.作者态度题。根据文章第五段，“For not only is the logic itself faulty, the entire idea is premised on sheer factual ignorance about the nature, the meaning and the direction o
40、f the super-industrial revolution.”，可知因为不仅逻辑本身有缺陷，整个想法忽视了自然事实、超级工业革命的意义和方向。又根据第六段，“when intellectuals bewail the sameness of our material goods, they accurately reflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism.”，可知当知识分子哀叹我们的物质生活千篇一律时，他们所反应的是那些工业落后的国家。可判断出作者对知识分子持强烈反对的态度。选项A符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“
41、We are moving got towards a further extension of material standardization, but towards its dialectical negation.”，可知我们不是正在走向物质标准化，而是走向对物质标准化的辩证否定。可判断出未来的社会将会有标准化和非标准化的辩证影响。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题She is a living proof that a TV celebrity with the highest aspirations can survive in a medium that too often seem
42、s to be racing （ ）.问题1选项A.out of bottomB.at the bottomC.to the bottomD.on the bottom【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。race to the bottom“逐底竞争”，句意：她活生生地证明了一个具有最高抱负的电视明星似乎经常可以在逐底竞争中存活下来。选项C符合题意。6. 翻译题I am grateful for the invitation to participate in this important conference, and I interpret it as evidence that students
43、 of creativity themselves possess the sensitivity to divergent approaches that they seek to identify in others. But I am not altogether sanguine about the outcome of your experiment with me. As most of you already know, I am no psychologist, but rather an ex-physicist now working in the history of s
44、cience. Probably my concern is no less with creativity than your own, but my goals, my techniques, and my sources of evidence are so very different from yours that I am far from sure how much we do, or even should, have to say to each other. These reservations imply no apology; rather they hint at m
45、y central thesis. In the sciences, as I shall suggest below, it is often better to do ones best with the tools at hand than to pause for contemplation of divergent approaches.If a person of my background and interests has anything relevant to suggest to this conference, it will not be about your cen
46、tral concerns, the creative personality and its early identification. But implicit in the numerous working papers distributed to participants in this conference is an image of the scientific process and of the scientist; that image almost certainly conditions many of the experiments you try as well
47、as the conclusions you draw; and about it the historian may well have something to say. I shall restrict my attention to one aspect of this image-an aspect epitomized as follows in one of the working papers: The basic scientist “must lack prejudice to a degree where he can look at the most self-evid
48、ent facts or concepts without necessarily accepting them, and, conversely, allow his imagination to play with the most unlikely possibilities”. In the more technical language supplied by other working papers, this aspect of the image recurs as an emphasis upon “divergent thinking, the freedom to go off in different directions,. rejecting the old solution and striking out in
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