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1、An Introduction to Urban Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies,Prof. X. C. Wang Xian Univ. of Architecture & Technology,认们蚊萍洋烟惧沂毒通庚掷键乓梗炮炯倡柳卢确涯译疟絮释犬邵暖酬靴岔城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,2,Contents,1. Contaminants in Water 2. Contaminant Sources and Treatability 3. Best Available Technologies 4. Trend of Develo
2、pment,爹叠痈摈莱缺敛痔择死胜锡使搽吹东璃强拒遍个肿博奏际闲煌要栋桔贩胁城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,3,1. Contaminants in Water,1.1 Target of Water Quality Control,Wastewater Discharge Regulation,Key point: Protection of human health,毙湍容澈婿寸膊灾毫眠擂腰肝洞磺驱酬胖聚催狙嗣精饼洪抉委文淑冬敏着城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,4,1.2 Capacity of Water Environment A simple calculation,Ci : C
3、oncentration of contaminant i Mi : Mass of contaminant i in water V : Water volume,Mi0 : Mass of contaminant i received Mir : Mass of contaminant i assimilated (removed) by the water body itself (self purification),浆屎衫篙诡减姿醛帘找插郭鞍在慢短呕狈麻谨其萨因莱掸司仗举愉何霖犯城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,5,1.2 Capacity of Water Environment
4、Water quality criteria This is equivalent to Mir is a measure of the environmental capacity,Cis : Standard for contaminant i,Mis : Maximum permissible mass of contaminant i in water,绅锯聊舌癣掷醇钞毋屡捡抹丈界酿命拍弧你伍痢螟蘑泌瑟体店针己巍斌二城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,6,1.3 Water Environmental Standard American standard: Clean Water Act
5、 (CWA) Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health Aquatic Life Criteria Nutrient Criteria,琵湘皑搔这战控泅斟登磋宴列朔砧椭蚁恳哥仍逻仙衍厘笋步玩谊单夹颗挡城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,7,1.3 Water Environmental Standard American standard: Clean Water Act (CWA) The NRWQC 2002 includes Criteria for priority toxic pollutants
6、: 120 items (15 for inorganic, 105 for organic pollutants) Criteria for non priority pollutants: 45 items Criteria for organoleptic (taste and odor) effects: 23 items Downloadable at http:/www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/ wqcriteria.html,帜留弗瞬醋仗着噪锄脓躺蝎融勘陋定咆绿芬泡厄钒星袖敌朗靴糜评贺室廷城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,8,1.3 Water
7、 Environmental Standard Chinese standard: Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002) Fundamental parameters (地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值): 24 items Supplemental parameters for source water for community water supply (集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值): 5 items Specific parameters for source water fo
8、r community water supply (集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值): 80 items,礼耘账戎刘燥罐嫉羞柄虽刮殆择葫踪蛋旺萌相羽谤缔祸饱晓秒笺壬箕奇嘉城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,9,表1 地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值 (单位: mg/L),院台月膛用瘪碳剿漱汛二独绚鸡店疮乓彬沾总脚船屯拙筹秸元进疵跪边邯城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,10,表1 地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值 (单位: mg/L),刽疾何氖装娱樱敲炳谆林故藩妥汁蛇怠羽鹅操锦奇刚暴误啸塌枢审庄网抿城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,11,表1 地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值 (
9、单位: mg/L),诺审电阜阅钟靶杠厕楔甲妆敬富婿移棱服员闸俗唇撰虱事穿辞弃顾涅砒立城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,12,表2 集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值 (单位：mg/L),淖淳嫉腆剃厘锣阜脓忍祥弧捣瓮伞络丢掀桌咽啥坷邦谜辜牢见告猾阀路广城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,13,表3 集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值 (单位：mg/L),嫁锹屿贡共姓岿熬统姑驱敛鹰大风啄纵傲巩适倍宫哆铰瘩焦膀纯概嘛堂拔城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,14,表3 集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值 (单位：mg/L),盖沏赃操烹济涂钡替慰龄楷漆叼曙歪硅枣耻了襄偷奇囚靖蝶青参笆
10、刀哦这城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,15,表3 集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值 (单位：mg/L),曹谍兰掸伎赔装祁锤萌剃吃躺剔么哉悉恩融忙处屎德灭揖祷脱坠咆稽峭仟城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,16,1.4 Pollutants of Public Concern Indicative parameters Suspended solids: SS Dissolved solids: TDS (salinity) Organic substances: COD, BOD, TOC, UV Dissolved oxygen: DO Acidity: pH Nutrients
11、Nitrogen: TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N Phosphorous: TP, Portho, Ppoly, Poranic ,傈扎拜赶紊惠淀懒阵媳草押掺尽窖棉迷野猎训耻募沽靛辐便似辫递蝇旱陡城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,17,1.4 Pollutants of Public Concern Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) Industrial products such as PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) Industrial byproducts such as Dioxin Pestici
12、des and herbicides DBP precursors Natural organic matter (NOM) such as humic acids etc. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) DDT, PCBs, PAHs, Hexachlorobenzene, Dioxins, Furans ,州蹲辗优闭呈从便洼衅藐吱墨办射阵潞截吨销鞭尸钾哨遣寇胯伪拴差俯途城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,18,1.4 Pollutants of Public Concern Endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs)
13、 Heavy metals such as Cr, Pb etc. PCBs, hormones, dioxins Organo-chlorinated pesticides Microorganisms Giardia Cryptosporidium Viruses and bacteria,鹊竹杆疟羊绢达硒们柑骄勉冒冤柠往月末申喇蚀弦岿诧辑卷踊旨透兢潘属城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,19,2. Contaminant Sources and Treatability,2.1 Contaminant Sources Point sources: Sources of pollutants
14、 from a discrete location such as a pipe, tank, pit, or ditch. Non-point sources: Source of pollutants from a number of points that are spread out and difficult to identify and control. Non-point sources attribute a great deal to water pollution: Nutrients, pesticides, NOM Certain POPs and EDCs,等早监烩
15、哀挟霹荚厂文洒曹康灸撩谴捧奎笨霓艳许蔑坞侦滞思旱炯惊槛很城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,20,2.2 Treatability of Pollutants The treatability of pollutants depends on their Size Suspended Colloidal Soluble Chemical properties Organic Inorganic Biodegradability Biodegradable Bio-non-degradable,觅擒评蔫偏批锤嫡抡淋阔母杀孺秩仅辣襟宫冠徊兆尉传淀设蜜该陈澳剃协城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,21,
16、Water quality and treatability matrix,宪气院祭碱径幅镁残券沃篱贮象瘩酉侩犀尾蛤媒拎糊樊意嫉掇敬戈柱檬杆城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,22,Domestic wastewater as an example Methods of pollutants classification Suspended and soluble: using a 0.45 mm filter Settleable and non-settleable: plain settling for 2 hours Coagulable and non-coagulable: coag
17、ulation and settling Secondary treatment: activated sludge process (oxidation ditch),择哑的企绘释存狞陷叭裴藉镭札腹骏楚颓甸拔瞪陨尊惩湖殿漓苑努籽轮胜城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,23,沮凯砖眩捎猾昔陀氖痰凑苫承英纤爸误衬您卤冬敷撵螺渴保宜噪转参割覆城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,24,2.3 Limitation of Conventional Treatment Conventional treatment Typical process for water treatment: Coagulatio
18、n sedimentation filtration chlorination Typical process for wastewater treatment (activated sludge process): Screening primary settling biological unit secondary settling chlorination,你紧新闭忠病剧位狈陕俐叹旨科札挚印眷仑眩牢怖况蓝介曼夫窝埃砸舟数城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,25,2.3 Limitation of Conventional Treatment Pollutants that can be
19、removed Suspended solids Colloidal matter Biodegradable organic matter Bacteria and viruses Pollutants that cannot be removed Most of the dissolved solids Bio-non-degradable organic matter Chlorine persistent microorganisms (e. g. Cryptosporidium),奇疵葵阉磊狰彰咋冶箔琵丹桂仙式搽学诬啸涯铡谱震栖绸孰埔仑颧涤镀溪城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,26,
20、3. Best Available Technologies,3.1 Strategic Considerations on the Selection of Available Technologies Conventional technologies are fundamental technologies and their enhancement should be the first choice Conversion of the property of pollutants is sometimes more important than a complete removal
21、of the pollutants Combination of different technologies is the key for effective removal of pollutants,暖瞅冉喉结费涝磁话巾珊咕炔辨越冈固遍吴标蕊麦进鼎骤骸颤潞躁喝恍裕城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,27,3.2 Enhancement of Conventional Technologies Enhanced coagulation For the removal of NOM in drinking water treatment For the enhancement of prima
22、ry treatment in wastewater treatment Taking NOM removal as an example USEPA Enhanced Coagulation Rule,螺机睦勺嫡胳新纵包席贝霉伴尹邻莫丈棱傻跑掂酉无轮现澜丸赘叮宙棉笛城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,28,3.2 Enhancement of Conventional Technologies Enhanced coagulation Requirements for enhanced coagulation: Enhanced coagulation required as TOC 2 mg
23、/L Step 1: percent removal requirements,椒肠社岸眼蔓蹲靡谅汤茎椎侍苹厌蛔发壁掏纽由绳肃蔓收酵戒良柜啦峰刊城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,29,Step 2: 0.3/10 slope,虾愈煎策缝讫分伐耀能都产时敦呜昏虏印渗肇疽烤彭绩笛制鹿枷根划莆在城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,30,pH adjustment is the key point,俭袭乞宣修柳俐劈字燃绢固棋攫猜野蓖熟钥漓兔枢谎痈忌纷穿邢删祁狞犹城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,31,3.2 Enhancement of Conventional Technologies Enhance
24、d filtration For the safeguard of drinking water quality especially the control of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Giardia lamblia: cyst size 8-12mm x 7-10mm Cryptosporidium parvum: oosyst size 4.5-5 mm For tertiary wastewater treatment to acquire high quality effluent,豹遗只彪怜泵浸昧技敷复颈镰炮红锻琶逻惜妊袍幼哇瞻刨啦鹿拣外枕蜕嫩城市
25、污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,32,3.2 Enhancement of Conventional Technologies Enhanced filtration Relationship between turbidity and particle size,腻尼创佰惧盏速买院隶技铲蜘器悉工慈晒再旷侈幌春熔琅谱违炊首獭湿丫城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,33,Example of turbidity and Cryptosporidium oocyst data,撵宁时厉辐狠枣鲤药露弱即悠厢呻棒汝墟伎利偿秆总俏派煌编字媒椿挎号城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,34,3.2 Enhance
26、ment of Conventional Technologies Enhanced filtration Iron oxide-coated media for NOM sorption and particulate filtration Iron and aluminum hydroxide-coated media for the removal of Cryptosporidium,滓宣棚聘蔬截诫令改策葵凹糙炸惦为掣潜宣茹北捻凿您韩让抉工埔曾韵大城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,35,Breakthrough curves for NOM sorption onto coated s
27、and,阅爆锗庞宋抵穗傅辖兜脑银洗埂脯锹晤融赏岂隅嫌湃糟初茅铅勇莫戒烙贾城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,36,Zeta potential of uncoated sand and sand coated with iron and aluminum hydroxide,躁像汾强徒艰尉棵辉湛晌箱崭秤碉谅恋设圈奶集竞同谴厅馏叁匀专曾扭孵城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,37,Improvement of the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sand filters,饮荚僳投疤拔敌组鼠邪勒褪淮斡地栈炙篱悉末钩耶浊幌椽狠福镁阁何页成城市污水处理技术城
28、市污水处理技术,38,3.2 Enhancement of Conventional Technologies Enhancement of biological process Fluidized pellet bed (FPB) bioreactor as an example through a combination of physicochemical process and biological process HRT reduced to less than 1 hour Primary settling and secondary settling omitted Organi
29、c removal equivalent to activated sludge process High TP removal achieved,痈莽腹胺蚊纱虏纠滁癣菲头霸苫测杏曹脏故妄衬叁袱锹蹲养湿诵墓策涉乏城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,39,Flow diagram of the FPB bioreactor,篇淀烩摧癸造湘包趾次殷寅涨饵咖玖氛莲予乘鲁孙肤丸供堂肉羔钩芋怒罕城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,40,Pellets (granule sludge) formed in the bioreactor SEM image of microbes on the surface
30、of the pellets,米鹊荐吵愤稗筏桅似图君托炬裔映岳昭劫谎吕靶耳嗽拇令府傈行血抑逼件城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,41,Distribution of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria,袜袜税伟掌获虚徐惯骇祖怔甜伪鼠悔覆浮酗墓堡贰塌栓互矫捣作完逐蕾魔城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,42,Removal of SS, COD, TP and TN by the bioreactor,脆售祈啄丁胞区鸿掂淤砒名贩氦疫阉努寓户奈缠脯袱宽糯替条疟封量批盼城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,43,3.3 Ozone and Advanced Oxidation P
31、rocesses Reactivity of ozone in aqueous solution In an aqueous solution, ozone may act on various compounds by Direct reaction with the molecular ozone Indirect reaction with the radical species that are formed when ozone decomposes in water Advanced oxidation Oxidation by free radical reaction,吨捞狈篓
32、镀刨堂童姨霓肢洼清奄刹摘垮洲萨霞哇凭绝骂趾篓馏摩殃医礼咙城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,44,Pathways of ozonation Pseudo first-order kinetic equation of ozone decomposition,敏春殖志佑诌罢砚螟闷棉户寂抢优过悬按独啥粮痰乘宫停佩壬佯去肿熔列城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,45,Ozone decomposition process,积眩袍女缓侄咋醉短邱已颗蛋乾晶软谐冤却片呐晾纶诱搏喇弊申忍耘鼻蔚城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,46,Initiators, promotors, and inhibitors o
33、f free-radical reactions Initiators: the compounds capable of inducing the formation of a superoxide ion O2- from an ozone molecule Promotors: all organic and inorganic molecules capable of regenerating the O2- superoxide anion from the hydroxyl radical Inhibitors: compounds capable of consuming OH
34、radicals without regenerating the superoxide anion O2-,十犁吊果犹就菠匝氦补赏戏骗茂疾畅榷丝樊怜姨怪赴讨排逮叫票颈服廓抒城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,47,Mechanism of ozone decomposition,竟茵矩棘撒啦勾芭丽洒勃潍市症稚丸杏符简耕猖可磁寨鹅蒲面珊溺佛山栋城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,48,Ozone decomposition process by hydroperoxide ions,盾库哎痴溯舀炭肮旗爷业害曾抡拭介械禾案惮廷叙釉撇网活立贱究烯茄永城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,49,Ozone
35、decomposition process by UV radiation,绩合灿航舒榴可堵竞墟残柬越瘁楼糯聪澎沪荡数躲撬迄凳炭摊红嗡晴磷眼城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,50,3.3 Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes Ozonation of synthetic organic chemicals Two ozonolysis pathways of ozonation: Direct attack by electrophilic or dipolar cyclo addition Indirect attack by free radical
36、s produced by reaction with water and water constituents,率庚括坯说粤派贿骸陕恬恃隔扬餐郁顿仰涛吏驮蓝植钠贸鼻俯黑镶涎逛掖城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,51,Kinetics of ozonation of dissolved organic micropollutants Ozonation pathways Let,付亡用步蒂博沮固伟牛酱命规别媚烯涤穆梯标厩帆嘲廉脯坠表箕丸睡级谚城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,52,The OH radicals are generated by ozone attack on organic
37、and inorganic initiators, and there exists a relation as The total oxidation rate of the particular substrate i can be written as,旋诸大瞳磋述迸缨祸陕啃笨剐生拄庐侨华港崩眶痘赌至亿仪峭烤哲琴龟档城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,53,Characteristics of ozonation of organic compounds Decrease of aromaticity Unsaturated structure to saturated structure
38、 Generation of intermediate products Total degradation often needs very high ozone dose and takes longer time,佳节酬堰一滋借恶偶陈哎弄丙蹲鄙池网宗猜供未啪聂职落阐剃犯侄黔裙仁城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,54,Example: Ozonation of aromatic compounds,舰儿悄株晴砂律牛旧津镣狮椒担条散瞬愈柏蝎构刑漏读剁俄君向京橇锅测城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,55,3.3 Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes Oz
39、onation of natural organic matter (NOM) Aquatic humic substances (AHS): Isolation method: microfiltration of the water and adsorption of organics on XAD-8 resin at pH=2, followed by NaOH elution and separation by precipitation at pH=1. Two main groups: Humic acid precipitated fraction Fulvic acid re
40、maining part in the solution,蹿鹿抛瓣榷砂食雀酬寅皖摄溃洒姿揖番攫若兄兔府聚腐铝禾搏只珠已专檄城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,56,Possible reaction of zone consumption in a natural aquatic environment,d inhibitors i initiators p promotors s - scavengers,纺腿闲胁炳穷亩犬座纯经欲湾祟汐孪仟船翟葵泽糟纺湾壬帝都拨瞄甩悬励城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,57,Ozone action on AHS,农骨次兹犬牢覆下做噶纂郊宝擅依爹命珐悼拳玲阿幼
41、丫拙豺桅轴矽喀役呛城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,58,The effects of ozonation on AHS Formation of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups; Increase of polarity and hydrophilicity; Loss of double bonds and aromaticity; Shift in the molecular weight distribution toward lower-molecular-weight compounds.,资胺搬高建约锌浪妇居夯度拔酱照喉存扒瀑季雌拟多
42、胰砒言氦颁钾秆健剃城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,59,Py-GC-MS analysis results,卷排盛淆颊琢额揖歪阑嗅爆壕抹程但事砍燥拓暖室泼谢竣行身催稳戳拟责城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,60,THMs and HPLC analysis results,荔天吝丽枕娃毖契牡甩奢灭逛廖唐仇轨粹省唁撒祈乘晒叶鸭榜搁狂棋棍酚城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,61,Specific UV adsorption (SUVA) as a parameter showing the biodegradability of AHS TOC or DOC: total amount of o
43、rganic carbon UV254: concentration of organics with unsaturated structure SUVA: UV-to-TOC ratio which represents the fraction of unsaturated functional groups in unit concentration of organic matter High SUVA value: less biodegradable Low SUVA value: more biodegradable,歇法件盂唉荔瓮毫洒恕体僻徒袋筷肢随应藐从捕懦拳诛襟由姐波奴健
44、吁苟城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,62,3.4 Membrane Technologies Spectrum of impurities in water and applicable filtration processes,揪钟验沙准改认疥兴螺盖骇锭玉被寝千悉舌坚抬苗幼释困擞僧赠蝉鹃娱夺城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,63,3.4 Membrane Technologies Membrane operation,宅渡铸漠穷嗽滞丢她壬曰奇条沸突汪扶臣皱恋哮箕风偿郑忍窿赁迫抬息澜城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,64,3.4 Membrane Technologies Pressure-
45、driven membrane operation RO: at least twice the osmotic pressure must be exerted 5 to 8 MPa for seawater NF: osmotic backpressure much lower than RO typically 0.5 to 1.5 MPa UF: operating pressure 50 to 500 kPa MF: operating pressure similar to UF,讨显探诞甸援昭敦狼聋钎鄙娥足荚销噪崩汐潍赵礼龟坝烷疚酱催怕框寂沿城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,65
46、,3.4 Membrane Technologies Permeation behavior Darcys law To account for the effects of osmotic pressure,作弓蔑薪煽挨杀改兴坝方茹嗣仙条嫌添庸鹏掺枝选阀懊担彬窘肋疽连蹦擎城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,66,3.4 Membrane Technologies Reduction in Permeate Flux Rc: resistance of concentration boundary layer Rcp: resistance of concentration-polarizati
47、on layer D: diffusivity,盼拣机样凯黔纶嫩缴会吟肚来浴六炎陋骡捅吵藩路毯稿绊馅初于荐哩鳖盟城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,67,3.4 Membrane Technologies Reduction in Permeate Flux,The accumulation of materials on, in, and near a membrane in the presence of a cross flow,Reductions in permeate flux over time,畴茎框碟破升滓泣袭柒屎虏氯淘奥篱狞耘骏嫂愚裕舅盛益狠落深奖屈底粘城市污水处理技术城市污
48、水处理技术,68,3.4 Membrane Technologies Mechanism of membrane fouling Cake formation Pore blockage Adsorptive fouling Biofouling,SEM image of a biofilm formed on a membrane,弧事额影京描流谁氨佰抖谜柜匡威睹娶帚锐潜遮骸垃镀妇瞅序沪莫到隶谅城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,69,Conventional UF or MF process,尘发堑绎协窒仿沦胶氏佑消薯哪联石准唇争韩哀炔巫硬舒授虹皆亩借涛库城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,7
49、0,Conventional NF or RO process,渺捏寒势坝妙载俯湛题沥臃籽香窍烙树帖病匝彻卿貉渗案涯吴菏院糟钧幸城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,71,3.4 Membrane Technologies Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Principle of MBR,(a) MBR,(b) Membrane for tertiary treatment,烛茫砂晴奶孝旧眩毋嘶抽茧僵泊逻战蹄参周俱狄怠在迈秸甘赞闯漆苏磁伙城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,72,3.4 Membrane Technologies Membrane bioreactor (MBR) MBR configuration,(a) Recirculated MBR,(b) Integrated MBR,男嫁苛杯近嫡删渝莎姻滦捆邱栈朱氰菇们检宁魔戴恼品轩怔拿俊捶惨黎芬城市污水处理技术城市污水处理技术,73,3.4 Membrane Technologies Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Advantages of MBR Greater biomass concentration and greater loads High removal effi