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1、all of them were killed,some were taken to Britain to improve the environment of the beautiful park which belonged to the Duke of Bedford.He liked them so much that he took them all the way from China to Britain.The Milu deer liked the cool,wet weather in England and their number increased year by y
2、ear.As a result,when in 1985 the government of China wanted to reintroduce the Milu deer,the Duke of Bedford was happy to help.The first deer came back to China to the Nanhaizi Milu Park 20 kilometers south of Beijing and the centre in Dafeng,Jingsu Province. The deer centainly seem happy to be back
3、 in China because their numbers have grown rapidly.There are now so many of them that a new park has been opened for them in Hebei Province.At the moment the Milu deer live in centres where they are being well protected and care for .It is hoped that one day there will be enough animals to let them
4、live in the wild again.So Britain helped China by bringing back an animal that had disappeared from its homeland.This is a good example of friendship and understanding between these two countries.Unit 5The band that wasntHave you ever wanted to be part of a band as a famous singer or musicians? Have
5、 you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert, at which everyone is clapping and appreciating your music? Do you sing Karaoke and pretend you are a famous singer like Song Zuying or Liu Huan? To be honest, a lot of people attach great importance to becoming rich and famou
6、s. But just now do people form a band?Many musicians meet and form a band because they like to write and play their own music.They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame. Sometimes they may play to passers-by in the s
7、treet or subway so that they can earn some extra money for themselves or to pay for their instruments. Later they may give performances in pubs or clubs, for which they are paid in cash. Of course they hope to make records in a studio and sell millions of copies to become millionaires!However, there
8、 was one band that started in a different way. It was called the Monkees and began as a TV show. The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of which was based loosely on the Beatles. The TV organizer had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. Th
9、ey put an advertisement in a newspaper looking for rock musicians, but they could only find one who was good enough. They had to use actors for the other three members of theband.As some of these actors could not sing well enough, they had to rely on other musicians to help them. So during the broad
10、casts they just pretended to sing. Anyhow their performances were humorous enough to be copied by other groups. They were so popular that their fans formed clubs in order to get more familiar with them. Each week on TV, the Monkees would play and sing songs written by other musicians. However, after
11、 a year or so in which they became more serious about their work, the Monkees started to play and sing their own songs like a real band. Then they produced their own records and started touring and playing their own music. In the USA they became even more popular than the Beatles and sold even more
12、records. The band broke up about 1970, but happily they reunited in the mid-1980s. They produced a new record in 1996, with which they celebrated their former time as a real band.Freddy the frog（）Not long after Freddy and the band became famous, they visited Britain on a brief tour. Fans showed thei
13、r devotion by waiting for hours to get tickets for their concerts . Freddy was now quite confident when he went into a concert hall. He enjoyed singing and all the congratulations afterwards! His most exciting invitation was to perform on a TV programme called “ Top of pops “. He had to go to London
14、, wear an expensive suit and give a performance to a TV camera. It felt very strange. But as soon as the programme was over, the telephones which were in the same room started ringing. Everybody was asking when they could see Freddy and his band again. They were truly stars.Then things went wrong. F
15、reddy and his band could not go out anywhere without being followed. Even when they wore sunglasses or beards people recognized them. Fans found them even when they went into toilet. They tried to hide in the reading rooms of libraries, but it was useless. Someone was always there! Their personal li
16、fe was regularly discussed by people who did not know them but talked as if they close friends. At last feeling very upset and sensitive, Freddy and his band realized that they must leave the country before it became too painful for them. So they left Britain, to which they were never to return, and
17、 went back to the lake.必修三Unit 1Festivals and celebrationsFestivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather,planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Sometimes celebrations would be held after hunters
18、 had caught animals. At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. Todays festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Festivals of the Dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead or
19、 satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico,
20、people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early Novemver. On this important feast day, people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The Western holiday Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits
21、 of dead people. It is now a childrens festival, when they can dress up an go to their neighbours homes to ask for sweets. If the neighbours do not give any sweers, the children might play a trick on them.Fetivals to Honour PeopleFestivals can also be held to honour famous people. The Dragon Boat Fe
22、stival in China honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan. In the USA, Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World. India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain Indias independece from Britain.Harvest FestivalsH
23、arvest and Thanksgiving festival can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over. In European countries, people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and will get together to have meals. Som
24、e people might win awards for their farm produce, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and in China, enjoy mooncakes.Spring FestivalsThe most energetic and important festivals are te ones that look forward to
25、 the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumpings ifsh and meat and may give children lucky money in red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals , and families celebrate the Lunar New Year together. Some Western countries have very exciting car
26、nicals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. These carnivals might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival for Chiristians around the world. It celebrates th
27、e return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new life. Japans Cherry Blossom Festical happens a little later. The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each other. Festivals
28、let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget ou work for a little while.A Sad Love StoryLi Fang was heart-broken. It was Valetines Day and Hu Jin had said she would meet him at the coffee shop after work. But she didnt turn up. She could be with her friends right now laughing at him. She sa
29、id she would be there at seven o clock, and he thought she would keep her word. He had looked forward to meeting her all day, and now he was alon with his roses and chocolates, like a fool. Well, he ws not going to hold his breath for her to apologize. He wouldSCR催化剂生产项目可行性研究报告第一章 项目背景1.1 国家相关环境政策背景
30、：氮氧化物的控制是国家经济可持续发展和环境保护的紧迫客观要求，脱硝行业的发展将得到国家相关政策法规的有力支持。在国家环境保护“十一五”科技发展规划中，电力行业脱硝被列入新型工业化过程中重点解决的环境科技问题，氮氧化物（NOX）的控制技术和对策则被列入区域大气污染物控制重点解决的环境科技问题。在2005年12月3日国务院的国务院关于落实科技发展观加强环境保护的决定中规定“不欠新帐，多还旧帐，严格控制污染物排放总量。所有新建、扩建和改建项目必须符合环保要求，做到增产不增污，努力实现增产减污，积极解决历史遗留的环境问题。”催化剂的生产属于环保产业，在对环保产业的发展上，国家给予了积极鼓励的扶持政策。
31、在国家环境保护“十一五”科技发展规划中，“鼓励企业自主开展和国际科技合作的科技发展计划项目”,国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定中指示“积极发展环保产业”，“重点发展具有自主知识产权的重要环保技术装备和基础装备，在立足自主研发的基础上，通过引进消化吸收，努力掌握环保核心技术和关键技术”。“推动环境科技进步”，“组织对污水深度处理、燃煤电厂脱硫脱硝、洁净煤、汽车尾气净化等重点难点技术的攻关，加强高新技术在环保领域的应用”。这些政策给环保产业创造了宽松的发展环境并指明了环保产业的发展方向，同时对如何建立催化剂生产线具有一定的指导作用。1.2 项目实施的必要性：对催化剂的需求源自氮氧化物的控
32、制需求。我国火电厂氮氧化物的排放控制刚刚处于起步阶段，随着国家标准的逐渐变严，越来越多的火电厂将面临着必须脱硝的严峻任务。1.2.1 氮氧化物控制的必要性：氮氧化物对人体健康和环境都有很大的危害。对人体的直接危害最大的是NO2，它能破坏呼吸系统，引起支气管炎和肺气肿。对环境的危害主要是能够形成“光化学烟雾”，从而对生态系统造成损害并对人体健康造成间接损害，此外氮氧化物也是造成酸雨污染的主要物质之一，因此必须对氮氧化物的排放进行控制。1.2.2 我国氮氧化物排放现状及未来发展趋势：我国氮氧化物的排放量呈逐年增加的趋势，表1-1列出了近年来中国NOX的排放量情况，其中2003年中国NOX排放量已超
33、过1600万吨，随着我国的能源消耗量不断增长，NOX的排放量也将随之持续增加。以2000年为基准期，如不采取控制措施，对我国未来的NOX的排放量进行预测，据预测到2020年我国的NOX排放量将达到3463-3514万吨之间，由此可见，我国今后NOX的控制任务将十分严峻。表1-1近年来中国NOX的排放量年份19981999200020012002氮氧化物排放量(百万吨)3.64.04.75.08.4年份20032004200520062007氮氧化物排放量(百万吨)1618202224我国目前氮氧化物的排放来自汽车、锅炉燃烧、工业生产等多方面。其中2003年的统计数据表明，火电厂已成为NOX排放
34、的最大污染源，约占排放总量的39.6%。不同的燃料对NOX排放量的贡献不同，在各种燃料中，燃煤是NOX产生的最大来源，占各种燃料对NOX排放总量的66.9%.据预测，到2030年煤炭对氮氧化物排放的贡献在燃料中所占的比例依然很重，见表1-2。表1-2煤炭对氮氧化物排放贡献率时间2000201020202030煤炭对氮氧化物排放率贡献(%)62.861.158.456.61.2.3 我国氮氧化物排放控制标准的制定情况：我国的氮氧化物排放控制标准经历了一个从无到有、逐渐严格的一个过程。2000年4月29日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议修订通过的中华人民共和国大气污染防治法于2000年
35、9月1日起施行。其中第三十条明确规定“企业应当对燃料燃烧过程中产生的氮氧化物采取控制措施”。第十三条规定“向大气排放污染物的，其污染物排放浓度不得超过国家和地方规定的排放标准”。2003年12月23日发布2004年01月01日实施的火电厂大气污染物排放标准（GB13223-2003）中对火力发电锅炉氮氧化物最高允许排放浓度规定如表1-3所示：表1-3火力发电锅炉氮氧化物最高允许排放浓度时段第1时段第2时段第3时段实施时间2005年1月1日2005年1月1日2004年1月1日Vdaf20%450标准中对氮氧化物的排放有了明确的控制指标，并且规定第三时段火力发电锅炉须预留烟气脱除氮氧化物装置空间。
36、北京市在控制污染方面一直走在全国前列，2002年北京市环境保护局颁布的锅炉污染物综合排放标准（DB11/139-2002）中对燃煤锅炉中氮氧化物的排放限定规定为250-300mg/Nm3，目前正准备进一步提高标准。同脱硫一样，北京市在脱硝方面的指标预示着全国污染控制指标的方向，伴随着脱硫治理工作的逐步完善，不久的将来，我国氮氧化物的控制指标和技术方面也将跟上硫氧化物控制的步伐。1.2.4 我国火电企业氮氧化物的控制现状：氮氧化物的控制主要是指对汽车、锅炉和工业生产排放出的NOX的控制。目前汽车尾气的排放已得到有效的控制，而锅炉、工业生产排放出的NOX绝大部分没有进行治理。部分锅炉采取低氮燃烧技
37、术来减轻氮氧化物的排放，但仍不能满足较高的标准要求，表1-4和表1-5列出了不同类型锅炉氮氧化物的排放浓度，作为国民经济的基础工业随着国民经济的发展，电力工业规模不断增大，火电机组装机仅有极少部分已经配置和即将配置脱硝装置，大量的原有机组和新建机组都面临着进行脱硝的局面。表1-4我国大型四角切圆燃煤锅炉NOX排放浓度电厂机组容量/MW煤种低NOX措施NOX排放(6%O2)/mg/m3外高桥电厂300烟煤WR燃烧器，OFA分级407-590妈湾电厂300烟煤WR燃烧器，OFA分级，部分二次风偏置530-616哈三电厂600烟煤WR燃烧器，两层OFA655石洞口电厂600烟煤WR燃烧器，OFA分级
38、630黄台电厂300贫煤PM燃烧器，OFA742-920华鲁电厂300贫煤WR燃烧器，OFA分级，部分二次风偏置787-918汉川电厂300贫煤R燃烧器，OFA分级809-904阳罗电厂300贫煤R燃烧器，OFA分级809-904表1-5我国W型火焰炉NOX排放浓度电厂机组容量/MW煤种低NOX措施NOX排放(6%O2)/mg/m3上安电厂2350贫、烟煤混合(Vdaf16.72%)PAX燃烧器(双调风漩流一次风交换和前后分级风)1490华能岳阳电厂2362贫、烟煤混合(Vdaf10%)旋风浓缩器的直流缝隙式燃烧器，前后墙有分级风1540珞璜电厂2360贫煤(Vdaf14.27%)前后墙有分级
39、风920鄂州电厂2300贫煤(Vdaf11%)FW型燃烧器前后墙送风1590第二章 行业发展现状2.1行业发展现状：2.1.1 世界上脱硝催化剂生产工艺的发展历程人类活动排入大气中的NOX中，90%以上生产于各种燃料燃烧过程。NOX虽有多种，但从燃烧系统中排出的主要是NO1和NO2。根据美国统计，大约50%以上的NOX来自固体燃烧源，其余的来自汽车尾气。但直至六十年代末期才把NOX作为火电锅炉排烟中有害成分予以重视。选择性催化还原反应（SCR）技术因是目前工业上应用最广的一种脱硝技术（3P143），最早是在1950年由美国人Eegelhard公司首先提出来并申请专利,到1972年在日本正式研究
40、和开发并于1978年实现工业化。也是目前我国主要使用的烟气脱硝技术。其主要反应如下: 4NH3+4NO+O24N2+6H2O (1)8NH3+6NO+O27N2+12H2O (2)2NH3+NO+NO2N2+3H2O (3)在SCR工艺系统中,催化剂是重要组成部分,它的性能直接影响到SCR系统的整体脱硝效果,催化剂也是整个工艺设备中成本最高的一部分。因此催化剂的生产设备对SCR系统至关重要。德国于20世纪80年代中叶引进了SCR技术,目前装备SCR的装机容量已超过60000MW，且50 MW以上的机组都配置了SCR系统；美国于1990年也采用了SCR技术对电厂进行脱硝处理。Babcock-Hi
41、tachi公司于1960年依靠自身技术开发了TiO2催化剂，并于1970年开始投入商业化运作。我国于2000年在华阳后石电厂第一次采用SCR技术进行脱硝。日本在1970年开始要求锅炉配备SCR设备，欧洲国家如德国在1980年实施NOX控制法规，美国则在1990年通过了洁净空气法案修正案并推动了SCR技术在美国的应用。2.1.2 国际上同类行业产品生产状况：2.1.2.1 概述：目前国际上主要的催化剂生产厂家有日本Babcock-Hitachi公司、日本三菱重工、德国ARGILLOM公司、美国Corning公司、丹麦哈德尔托普索公司等（见表2-1）。日本是生产SCR催化剂最早的国家，美国康宁公司
42、于1989年引进日本三菱重工技术。表2-1 国际上主要催化剂生产厂家厂商名称Babcock-Hitachi三菱重工CorningEnvirotherm GmbH(KWH)TopsoeCeram日立造船HK国家日本日本美国德国丹麦奥地利韩国催化剂产品类型平板式蜂窝式蜂窝式蜂窝式平板式蜂窝式市场第一套装置1975关西EPCO/Kaiman，450MW19701995（对燃煤机组而言）1986催化剂生产能力10000立方米/年20000立方米/年业绩情况超过580套，其中燃煤电站机组应用居世界第一，总量超过8万MW500多套876套（总计）462.1.2.2 主要生产厂家概况：（一)康明泰克公司（C
43、ormetech）：康明泰克公司是康宁公司（Corning）和三菱公司（Mitsibushi）50：50的合资企业，创立于1989年，在北卡洛莱纳州和田纳西州设有生产基地，厂区面积约20000m2。（二）日立公司：株式会社日立制作所成立于1910年，资本金为2820亿日元，集团人数为347424人，1953年成立巴布科克日立公司，1994年在中国设立日立（中国）有限公司。该公司于1960年依靠自身技术开发了TiO2催化剂，并于1970年开始商业化运作。（三）触媒化成：触媒化成工业株式会社（CATALYSTS & CHEMICALS IND. CO., LTD）简称CCIC，成立于1958年，注
44、册资本金为8亿日元，拥有职工约400名，其中三分之一是技术研究员。触媒化成的催化剂为蜂窝式催化剂，是基于三菱化成（现在的三菱化学）的专利技术进行的工业化生产，该催化剂于1976年在日本首次投入市场。（四）托普索公司（Haldor Topsoe）：托普索公司创立于1940年，拥有自主研发的波纹板式催化剂技术及工艺。现有三条生产线，其中美国两条，丹麦一条。公司共有1700人。2.1.3 国内同类行业产品生产状况：对用于燃煤电厂烟气脱硝的催化剂，国内目前已有多家厂商试图投入商业化生产。2009年度，国内具备生产催化剂的能力如下表：（表2-2）厂家江苏龙源福建大拇指凯特瑞浙江瑞基重庆中电投合计投产时间
45、2008.122009.062008.122009.072010.02实际生产3000200050002000010000m309年底实际需求25000m309年底进口需求15000m3第三章 产品市场供需情况3.1 国内催化剂市场的需求情况：2009年我国燃煤电厂的总装机容量已约为6.57亿千瓦，国家环保总局统计数据显示，2004年我国燃煤锅炉NOX排放量为665.7万吨，预计到2010年，该值将达到850万吨左右，在这样巨大的排放量下，已投入脱硝运行和正在实施脱硝项目的电厂微乎其微，随着国家对环境保护和可持续发展的重视，脱硝方面的环境法规、标准将越来越严，因此脱硝行业面临着一个巨大发展潜力
46、的市场，相应地催化剂生产也面临着一个良好的前景。根据对国内已建成项目、实施中项目、拟建项目的调查统计结果，可以推算出国内催化剂市场的需求情况，见表3-1。中国火力发电厂脱硝催化剂需求总量及市场分析一览表（表3-1）序号投资人09年底装机容量及催化剂总需求量现有脱硝装置未安装脱硝装置投资人是否有催化剂生产厂及其产能装机容量(kw)催化剂(m3)装机容量(kw)催化剂(m3)装机容量(kw)催化剂(m3)1国电集团9000万900001200万120007800万78000江苏龙源催化剂有限公司 6000m3/年2华电集团8500万85000800万80007700万77000无3中电投集团7000万70000600万60006400万64000重庆远达催化剂有限公司 6000m3/年4大唐集团13000万1300001000万1000012000万120000无5华能集团13000万1300001000万1000012000万120000无6国华电力3000万30000500万50002500万25000无7华润电力1200万12000300万3000900万9000无8地方投资电厂7000万70000400万40006600万66000无9大型企业自备电厂4500万40000300万30004200