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1、storm blew up. A gust of wind swept the bed off the roof and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground. Although the bed was smashed to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt. When he woke up, he was still on the mattress. Glancing
2、at the bits of wood and metal that lay around him, the man sadly picked up the mattress and carried it into his house. After he had put it on the floor, he promptly went to sleep again.Lesson50 Taken for a ride 乘车兜风I love travelling in the country, but I dont like losing my way. I went on an excursi
3、on recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected. Im going to Woodford Green, I said to the conductor as I got on the bus, but I dont know where it is. Ill tell you where to get off, answered the conductor. I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside. After some time,
4、the bus stopped. Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus. Youll have to get off here, the conductor said. This is as far as we go. Is this Woodford Green ? I asked. Oh dear, said the conductor suddenly. I forgot to put you off. It doesnt matter, I said. I
5、ll get off here. We are going back now, said the conductor. Well, in that case, I prefer to stay on the bus, I answered.Lesson51 Reward for virtue 对美德的奖赏My friend, Herbert, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all
6、, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Herbert loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever. He led me
7、 into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed
8、 me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets! Lesson52 A pretty carpet 漂亮的地毯We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning. I have been trying to get my new room in order. This has not been easy because I own over a
9、thousand books. To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporarily put my books on the floor. At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and I actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookca
10、ses up the stairs. She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. This is the prettiest carpet I have ever seen, she said. She gazed at it for some time then added, You dont need bookcases at all. You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet! Lesso
11、n53 Hot snake 触电的蛇At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California. Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. Forest fire are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. Yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully,
12、 but were not able to find any broken glass. They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. This morning, however, a fireman accidentally discovered the cause. He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. In this way,
13、 he was able to solve the mystery. The explanation was simple but very unusual. A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. The snake then wound itself round the wires. When it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.Le
14、sson54 Sticky fingers 粘糊的手指After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market. It was still early when I returned home. The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. So I decided to make some tarts for tea. In a short time I was busy mixing butter
15、 and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry. At exactly that moment, the telephone rang. Nothing could have been more annoying. I picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when I recognized the voice of Mrs Bates. It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ri
16、ng back later. At last I hung up the receiver. What a mess! There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. This time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered le
17、tter !Lesson55 Not a gold mine 并非金矿Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. A new machine called The Revealer has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where-it is said-pirates used to
18、 hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went he did not like it. She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.Lesson58 A
19、 blessing in disguise? 是因祸得福吗？The tiny village of Frinley is said to possess a cursed tree. Because the tree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to Frinley has now increased. The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evi
20、l reputation. It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die. Many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed a number of victims. The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. He has pointed out that the t
21、ree is a useful source of income as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it. In spite of all that has been said, the tourists-have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!Lesson59 In or out
22、？ 进来还是出去？Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark. Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Rex soon becam
23、e an expert at opening the gate. However, when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near the gate. This time he was barking so that someone would let him out ! Since then, he has developed another bad habit. As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the
24、garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out. After this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again. Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since. Lesson60 The future 卜算未来At a village fair, I decided
25、to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky. I went into her tent and she told me to sit down. After I had given her some money, she looked into a crystal ball and said: A relation of yours is coming to see you. She will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days. The moment yo
26、u leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. A woman you know well will rush towards you. She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place. That is all. As soon as I went outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. Where have you been hidin
27、g ? she asked impatiently. Your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. We are late already. As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair. Lesson61 Trouble with the Hubble 哈勃望远镜的困境In future, astronauts will be required to descend from a spaceship whi
28、le it is still in space and to return to it. The ability to do this will be necessary in future flights to distant planets. Scientists are now trying to discover if this is possible. The spaceship Astra which left the earth a short time ago, will be travelling three hundred miles into space. At a ce
29、rtain point, the Astra will stop for a short time and an astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. We shall not know whether the experiment has been successful until we have received a radio message. The first message is expected to arrive at 7 oclock this eveni
30、ng. By that time, the Astra will have been flying through space for seventeen hours and will have circled the earth a great many times. When the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.Lesson62 After the fire 大火之后Firemen had been fighting the fo
31、rest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with d
32、estruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities b
33、y aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. Lesson63 Sh
34、e was not amused 她并不觉得好笑Geoffrey Hampden has a large circle of friends and is very popular at parties. Everybody admires him for his fine sense of humor-everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently, one of Geoffreys closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding rec
35、eption. This is the sort of thing that Geoffrey loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Geoffrey
36、 was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadnt. Geoffrey asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!Lesson64 The Channe
37、l Tunnel 海峡隧道In l858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tu
38、nnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an吉林省大安市3万亩盐碱地改良项目可行性研究报告吉林省吉禹农业开发有限公司2009年11月目 录第1章 项目总论1.1 项目背景1.2 项目发展概况1.3 项目的提出、项目发展的必要性和投资1.4 可行性研究结论第2章 效益分析与建设规模2.1 立项调查2.2 前景预测2.3 发展战略2.4 实施方案和建设规模2.5 经济与社会效益预测第3章 项目地址选择与条件
39、3.1项目地址的选择3.2 土地资源和必要条件第4章 技术方案4.1 项目组成4.2 技术方案4.3 布局和运输4.4 土建、水利工程4.5 其他工程第5章 企业组织、劳动定员5.1 企业组织5.2 劳动定员和人员培训第6章 项目实施进度安排6.1 项目实施的各阶段6.2 项目实施进度表6.3 项目实施费用第7章 投资估算与资金筹措7.1 项目总投资估算7.2 资金筹措7.3 投资使用计划第8章 财务与敏感性分析8.1 生产成本和销售收入估算8.2 不确定性分析8.3 社会效益和社会影响分析第9章 可行性研究结论与建议9.1 结论与建议第10章 附件吉林省大安市3万亩盐碱地改良项目可行性研究报
40、告第1章 项目总论项目名称：吉林省大安市3万亩盐碱地改良项目项目地点：吉林省大安市新平安镇、大岗子镇项目单位：吉林省吉禹农业开发有限公司1.1 项目背景人类进入21世纪，科学技术的发展达到了一个新的阶段，极大地推动了社会经济的进步。另一方面，人类面临的问题仍然十分突出，如气候变化、土地沙漠化、盐碱化、环境污染等）。在发展中国家，由于人口日益增长，耕地面积不断减少，大量森林、草地、湿地等被开垦为耕地，进行集约经营，破坏了原有植被和土壤结构，导致土地盐碱化。在2002年9月约翰内斯堡召开的第二次国际可持续发展会议上指出，继第一次国际可持续发展会议（1992里约热内卢）10年之后，全球面临的人口一环
41、境一资源问题更加严重，其中土地沙漠化、水土流失和盐碱化呈现逐步加重的趋势。据估计，全球盐碱地每年以1001500万hm2的速度在增长。我国有17个省、市、自治区分布着盐碱地,我国盐碱化土地达3630万亩,其中耕地921万亩,林地421万亩,草地2320万亩。主要分布于西北、华北、东北和沿海地区。在黄淮海平原、黄土高原、西北内陆区、东北平原、沿海地带。东北地区就有600多万hm2(公顷),约占全国盐碱地面积的25%30%,受盐碱化危害的农林牧土地面积占农林牧总土地面积4.91%,而农林牧各业盐碱化土地面积占各业总土地面积分别为6.62%、0.84%和6.10%,中国有潜在盐碱土地约1733万亩。
42、东北和西北内陆盐碱化最为严重，盐碱地面积占该地区耕地面积达15%。盐碱地的唯一好处是可以生产大量的盐、碱、卤水、硝等化工原料。2005年中央一号文件明确指出，加强农业基础，繁荣农村经济，必须继续采取综合措施。当前和今后一个时期，要把加强农业基础设施建设，加快农业科技进步，提高农业综合生产能力，作为一项重大而紧迫的战略任务，切实抓紧抓好。这既是确保国家粮食安全的物质基础，又是促进农民增收的必要条件；既是解决当前农业发展突出矛盾的迫切需要，又是增强农业发展后劲的战略选择。抓住了这个重点就抓住了农业发展的关键。力争经过几年的努力，使农业的物质技术条件明显改善，土地产出率和劳动生产率明显提高，农业综合
43、效益和竞争力明显增强。把盐碱地看成是一个资源，加以利用，它就不是一个包袱。国家农业在发展，要保障耕地和粮食安全，治理盐碱地是变废为宝的有效途径，是必须解决的大问题。盐碱地分布的地区都属于平原和盆地,地形平坦、土层深厚、适宜机耕、具有土壤肥力,一经改良就是一项相当可观的土地资源。产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益。1.2 项目发展概况松嫩平原是世界三大苏打盐渍土集中分布区之一，盐碱化土地面积占松嫩平原总面积的21。该区盐碱地主要分布于松嫩平原西部的低平原，地质构造上属松嫩平原新华夏系的第二沉降带。流域内的东辽河、西辽河、洮儿河、嫰江、松花江等河流呈向心状水系，流向此大湖盆。地势低平，泡沼遍布，排水不畅
44、，缺乏有效淋洗而蒸发强烈，致使盐碱在闭流系统大量累积。松嫩平原盐碱土的显著特征是盐碱成分以Na2CO3和NaHCO3为主，土壤理化性质恶劣，pH高，盐分含量高，土质粘重，通透性差，盐碱空间分布差异大。区域平均年降雨量400mm以下，农业和生态用水严重不足。吉林省西部盐碱地面积96.90万公顷，主要分布于白城市的洮南、洮北、镇赉、通榆、大安，松原市的长岭、乾安、扶余、前郭、宁江，四平市的双辽、梨树，长春市的农安等13个市县。其中轻度盐碱地6.07万公顷，中度盐碱地46.41万公顷，重度盐碱地面积为44.42万公顷。长期以来，吉林省西部由于受自然因素和人为活动的影响，特别是在短缺经济条件下，过度开
45、垦、过度放牧、过度开采，致使草原退化、盐碱化和沙化的三化现象日趋严重，该地区草原三化已成为吉林省西部重大的生态环境问题，不仅给当地的农牧业生产、人民生活和社会发展带来了压力，长期下去，对全省乃至东北亚地区的可持续发展也将构成严重威胁。因此，治理草原三化尤其是盐碱化已成为生态建设的重中之重。从长远和战略的角度看，西部盐碱地治理的好坏，不仅直接关系到西部生态环境的恢复和改善，更涉及到我省中部商品粮基地的发展。而且，吉林西部三化问题也引起了周边日本、韩国等国家的高度重视。由于盐碱化加剧导致自然灾害的频繁发生，加剧了吉林西部的贫困程度，使很大一部分农民群众走入了贫困脱贫因灾返贫的恶性循环，吉林西部贫困
46、的根源是生态贫困。西部盐碱地治理好了，可使西部的生态环境得到根本性的改变，克服各种自然灾害的能力大大增强，不但可以改善当地农、牧民的生产生活条件，还可为当地的农牧业经济的发展和提高创造良好的生态环境；同时，由于盐碱地的改造，优化了地区资源配置，可有效地调整产业结构，推动区域经济向二、三产业的延伸和发展，促进吉林西部经济与社会的可持续和跨越式发展，从宏观方面说，治碱可以为吉林经济的快速协调发展、振兴吉林老工业基地提供有利的生态环境容量和承载力。2002年4月17日，吉林省启动了“西部治碱工程”。吉林西部治碱工程实施以来，吉林省生态办共投入6800多万元生态省建设专项资金用于西部治碱工程建设，各有
47、关部门和地方政府投资1亿多元，带动全社会投入资金4亿元。因其公益性，政府加大了投入和扶持力度，在投资、税收、土地等方面给予盐碱地生态经济开发企业支持和优惠，为盐碱地生态经济产业发展提供一个宽松的环境。吉林省科研院所、大专院校等各方面专家学者和西部地区的各级政府，在西部盐碱化土地治理的问题上进行了很多有益的探索和尝试，为实施西部治碱工程提供了基础和技术储备。在过去的2002年2005年，工程实施了第一阶段，共治理盐碱地66.67万公顷，使得盐碱地总体退化趋势得到遏制；轻度盐碱地植被恢复，50%变为优质草原；中度盐碱地植被基本恢复，50%变为可利用草原；重度盐碱地植被有所恢复。这一阶段工程措施主要
48、是结合实际进行围栏；生物措施对轻中度盐碱地补播各种耐盐碱草种，对重度盐碱地采取人工种碱茅、羊草、栽柽柳，以及以稻治碱，以苇治碱等。同时采取化学措施，针对不同地块和植被、土壤类型，采用石膏、石灰石、工业废弃物及生化试剂等进行探索式治理。在第二阶段（2006年2010年），又将治理约30.23万公顷重度盐碱地，将力争使盐碱化面积基本消除，植被恢复。轻度盐碱地在植被恢复的基础上变成优质资源；中度地区恢复植被，80%变成可利用资源；重度地区植被基本恢复，30%变成可利用资源。吉林西部治碱工程的实施，为松嫩平原盐碱地改造开了头彩，提供了宝贵经验。但松嫩平原还有大片盐碱地没有得到改良，它们还在向四周扩散蚕食，部分已经改良的盐碱地，由于作物品种比较有限，以及管理等原因，土地出现返碱，经济效益目标没有完全实现。第2章 项目条件与地址选择2.1项目地址的选择吉林省大安市地处松嫩平原腹地。在东经12308451242156，北纬445700454551之间,属中温带季风气候，全年日照时数平均为3012.8小时，年平均气温4.3，年平均积温2921.3，年平均降雨量为413.7毫米。降水较少、蒸发较大、水资源短缺、干旱严重，是世界三大苏打盐碱地分布区之一，也是我国许多重要湿地分布区。五十多年来，嫩江流域湿地大幅度减少，由1950年代的36223平方公里减少至2000年的22247平方公里，减