1、英文原文NewTrendsandProblemsinMaterialProcessingMachineDesignTheoryAbstract:Basedonreviewingthehistoricalbackground,prospectingforthedevelopmenttrend,analyzingthecomplicacyandmechanismandsummingupsomeachievementsandexperiencesinscientificresearch,severalnewproblemsandthepossibledirectionofdevelopmentinm
2、aterialprocessingtechnologyandmachineareproposed,suchas,producingnewconceptmaterialspossessingsomespecificandextraovdinarypropertiesbymeansofintegratingandcoalescingConelativefrontierscienceandtechnology;andthereafterabriefdiscussionisgiven.Keywords:interface;extraordinaryphysicalfield;processionmac
3、hine;functionmaterial1 TheTimeBackgroundofMaterialProcessingMachineInthelongspanofhistoryofhumanprogress,manytools,machinesandmethodswerecreatedandavarietyofmaterialswithdifferentpropertieswereprocessed.Materialsanditsprocessinghavebecomeoneofpillaranddrivingforceofmankindprogress.Inpacewithmulti-po
4、larcompetitionincurrentworldandpeople,sstrivingperseveringlyforhappierlife,materialfunctiongoesbeyondunceasinglymen,sknowledgeandimagination,forexample,crypticfunctionmaterial,semiconductormaterial,energymaterial,vibration-absorptivematerial,super-strengthaluminumalloyaccountingfor70percentofapplica
5、tionofaeronauticsandspace,metalfoilof454m,deepdrawingplatewithanisotropybelow1percent,electronicaluminumfoilwithmicro-orientationupto95percent,heatresistingaluminumalloywithsuperstrongspecificstrengthusedinaeronautics,spaceanddeepsea,etc.(1,2Thusseveralimportantdevelopmenttrendswithdistincttimefeatu
6、resinmaterialprocessingdomainareshapedupasfollows:(1) Creatingmaterialprocessingmachinewithextraordinaryphysicalfieldforprocessingmaterialwithspecialtexturestructuresandfunctions.Forexample,applicationsofthermalenergyandmechanicalenergyarebreakingthroughunceasinglytechnologylimit,andsomenon-traditio
7、nenergy,suchasmicrowave,chemicalenergy,bioenergy,etc.,areintroducedintomaterialprocessingprocedureoneafteranother,sothatsomematerialprocessingmachineswithextraordinaryenergycircumstanceareproduced.(2) Breakingthroughtraditionalphysicallimitsandintegratingmelting,solidifying,plasticdeformationandheat
8、treatmenttoobtainspecialfunctionofmaterialandcutdownexpenses131.Forexample,near-netshapingmaterialprocessingtechnology,suchasfastrolling,sprayingdeposition,over-plasticmolding,injectionmolding,highenergybeam,etc,isapplied.(3) Materialprocessingprocessisforgedaheadinthedirectionofhighspeed,heavy-duty
9、andhighaccuracyonlinecontrol,fbrinstance,therollingspeedgoesupto130ms-1,thedeformationpressurerisesupto300MPa,accuracyofdimensionupto0.1m,accuracyofshapeupto0.1I,strengthaccuracycomesupto0.1MPa.Forthesereasons,itisnecessaryformaterialprocessingmachinedesigntheorytointegrateandcoalesceingeniouslycorr
10、elativefrontierscienceandtechnologytocreateandproducesomenewconceptmaterialprocessingmachinewithfollowingfunctions.2 DueFunctionsofNewConceptMaterialProcessingMachine(1) Tohavetheabilitytoproduceandbearextraordinaryphysicalfieldandtransmitextraordinaryenergyflowwiththeaimofprovidingextraordinaryphys
11、icalcircumstancesnecessaryfornewconceptmaterialprocessing.Forexample,highgradienttemperaturefieldwiththespeedofcool-downofworkinterfacewhichexceeds104106K-s1,linewaveandpulsecomplexexertedinsolidifying-deformingarea,super-strengthcontactstressfieldofmaterialforminginterface,turbulentflowfieldofmolte
12、nmetalwithverybigflakinessratio,lowfrequencymagneticfieldwithrandomfrequency,microwavefieldforpowdermetalheating,ultrasonicfieldforlargevolumesolidifying,etc.,areapplied.(2) Tohavetheabilitytoworkincriticalstatesothathighstabilityandidealperformanceofprocessingmachineisensuredunderthecircumstanceofr
13、einforcedtechnologicalconditionandmulti-fieldcouplingoperation.Forexample,chattersuppressingcapabilityoffastultra-thinrollingundertheconditionofboundarylubricatingstatef51,thecapabilityofself-excitedvibrationsuppressingundertheconditionofspecialfrictionstate,synergismstabilityanddisturbancestability
14、offlexibleconnectingparallelshaftwithmulti-drivingsystem,etc.141,areensured.(3) Tohavetheabilitytoaccuratelycontrolthematerialprocessinginordertoobtainlowloss,highefficiencyandhighqualityofmaterialprocessing.Forexample,super-highaccuracyon-linemonitorofproductsform,on-linemonitorandon-lineadjustment
15、ofproductstextureandproperties,precisioncoordinationcontrolofmulti-procedure,on-linemonitorofmicro-orientationofmetalplasticdeformation,etc.41,areensured.Someproductsaccuracyindexmaybeenumeratedasfollows:dimensionalaccuracycomingto0.1m,microstructureuniformitytocrystallattice,strengtherrorto0.1MPa,e
16、tc.H】Inshort,onlybynewconceptmaterialprocessingmachinewithextraordinaryfunctionbeingdesignedandmade,canspecialfunctionmaterialbeprocessed.3 ScienceProblemsandStudyContentsofMetalMaterialProcessingMachineUndertheCircumstanceofExtraordinaryPhysicalFieldInviewofthesefactsandbackgroundmentionedabove,sev
17、eralnewresearchtopicscanbeadvancedasfollows.3.1 CouplingHeatTransferMechanismofMulti-PhaseInterfaceTemperature-StressFieldAbrand-newmicrostructurecanbeobtainedthroughcontinuouslylargedeformationandfastsolidifyingwhenmeltingmetalisincriticalstateofliquidsolid.Atthisverymoment,highdensityheatflowanddy
18、namicheatresistancearepresentinmaterialprocessingcircumstance16,71.Abasictheoryproblemofdesigningthiskindofmachineistostudymechanismofheattransmittanceandenergyconversion,andtoestablishmathematicalmodel.3.2FrictionConstraintMechanismofPlasticFlowInterfaceofMaterialProcessingMachineThecouplingbetween
19、operationmechanismandworkpieceisverycomplicatedbecauseplasticflowispresentinprocessinginterface.Theinterfacestate,determinedbyvelocity,loadthermodynamicprocess,elasticityofoperationmechanism,plasticityofworkpiece,dynamicbehaviourofinterfacesticking-slidingandpartialhydrodynamiclubrication,etc,affect
20、andformfrictionconstraintsmechanismpeculiartomaterialprocessingmachine,becausetheseconstraintspresentstrongnon-linearity;andundercertaincircumstances,theconstraintsmaybedestroyedormismatchedinstantaneouslyandthusdynamicinstabilityisresultedin.Thusfollowingproblemscanbeputforward:Mechanismofuspectrec
21、hatter,arosefromsticking-slidingfrictionandpartialhydrodynamiclubricationinrollinginterface,instabilityconditionandmechanismofconstraintbetweensmoothsurfaceandrotatingbodyunderthecircumstanceofhighspeed,heavy-dutyandboundarylubrication,Lubricationfilmabsorptionmechanismandphysicalchemistrybehaviouro
22、finterfaceofunceasinglyregenerativesurface,therelationshipbetweenrheologicalcharacteristicandmachineoperationparameters.3.3Multi-BodyNon-LinearContactMechanismUndertheConditionofExtra-HighPressureFieldTobuildthesuperstrengthpressurefieldonlargeareaisoneofbasicfunctionofmaterialprocessingmachine,andi
23、tisalsonecessarytoformbyoncelarge-sizestructureelement(suchasspacecraft,intercontinentalvehicles,carandlarge-scaleaeroplaneetc).Theabilitytobuildsuperstrongpressurefieldisoneofimportantfeatureandthebaseofindependentnationaldefense.Underthecircumstanceofsuperstrengthpressurefield,multi-bodystrongnonh
24、ertzcontactandnon-linearfrictionwillbeproduced,thuslocalpermanentdeformationanddegradingofelementaccuracymaybeled.Newtheoryfoundationofdesignofmachinewithsuperstrengthpressurefieldwillbefurnishedthroughstudyofmulti-bodystrongnon-hertzcontactmechanism,multi-bodynon-linearfrictionmechanism(suchasprovi
25、dingforce-displacementmixedsolvingprocessofthree-dimensionmulti-body).3.4LoadDistributionLawinMulti-SlidingPairWithStructureBiasLoadWithregardtostaticallyindeterminatestructure,loaddistributionofconstraintpointisdeterminedbydeformationcompatibilitycondition.However,concerningsomeplanelarge-sizestati
26、callyindeterminatestructurewithslidingdegreeoffreedominthirddimension,loaddistributioncannotbedeterminedbydeformationcompatibilitycondition.Thusnewtheorybasiswillbeprovidedbyanalyzingofcontactbehaviourandmechanismofslidingpair(suchascreep,forceoffriction,integraldeformationcompatibilitycondition,etc
27、).3.5CouplingMechanismandStabilityofMulti-PhysicalFieldsinMaterialProcessingSystemsInthewakeofsystemfunctionbecomingmoreandmorediversified,conventionaltechnologylimitsinmaterialprocessingmachineisbeingbrokethroughunceasingly,systemstructurealsobecomesincreasinglycomplicated,andsystemperformancebecom
28、esincreasinglymulti-causal.Forexample,anyinstantaneousstateofrollerinfastrollingmillsisaffectedbyelasticdeformation,plasticflow,heattransferprocess,hydro-dynamiclubricationprocess,interfacephysicalchemistrymolecularstateandsoon51.Inaddition,electromechanicalcouplinginprocessingsystemhavealreadygoneb
29、eyondconventionalconcept,forinstance,somesingularpointphenomenon(suchasmicro-variablecanbetransformedintomacro-variable),arepresent,thusrolleroperationinstabilitymaybeledbyperturbation181.Therefore,thissubjectwillstudytheinteractionmechanismofmulti-physicalfieldandtheinfluenceonprocessingsystemstabi
30、lityandprocessingmaterialqualitystartedwithanalysisofmicro-stateofexecutivebody.3.6Multi-TechnologyIntegrationandCoalescenceofAccurateControlThematerialprocessingmachine,whichoperateunderthecircumstanceofextraordinaryphysicalfield,isacomplicatedlarge-scalesystem,andsomeparametersofthesystemvaryonfea
31、siblefieldboundarythereby,tokeepunderaccuratecontrolandadjustmentofmultifieldcircumstance,multi-dimensioncoordination,multi-energyconversion,multi-levelinformationtransfer,interfacemulti-processcoupling,etc.isofmuchsignificance.Sinceavarietyofmulti-interactionexistsincontrolmodel,itisnecessarytoesta
32、blishintegrationframeworkofcoordinationworkaccordingtodecouplingofcontrolmodel,soastoaccuratecontrolbasedonthemulti-technologyintegrationandcoalescenceisrealized.3.7Quasi-RealityDesignandConcurrentDesignBasedonKnowledgeInnovationSystemsDigitalizationandvisualizationofmaterialprocessingtechnologywill
33、promoteimmediatelythequalityofdesign,operationandcontrol.Thereforeoptimizationofmaterialprocessingtechnologyandmaterialprocessingmachinebymeansofrealizationofvirtualsimulationofprocessingprocedurethroughquasi-realitydesignandconcurrentdesignisoneofourpressingstudysubjects.3.8MechanicalBehaviorofSpec
34、ialFunctionMaterialsintheExtraordinaryPhysicalFieldManykeyelementsandpartsinmaterialprocessingmachineareoftenunderthecircumstanceofsuperstrongforcefield,temperaturefield,electronicmagneticfieldandflowfield,andmusthavethefunctionsofconstructingspecialphysicalinterface.However,itisdifficultforcommonsi
35、ngle-substancematerialsuchasmetal,ceramicpolymer,etc.tohavebothhighindexofsinglepropertyandexcellentoverallquality.Thereforeweneedtousecertainmaterialwithnewfunctionsforkeyposition191,forinstance,multi-dimensionfunctiongradientmaterialwithultrahighphysicalproperty,multi-dimensionfunctiongradientmate
36、rialwithintelligence.Forthesereasons,itisnecessarytostudybasiclawandmechanismofthesekindoffunctionmaterialmentionedabove,forinstance,stress(strain)distributionfunction,failuremechanismanddesigncriteriaofmaterialunderthecircumstanceofextraordinaryphysicalfield,static(dynamic)stiffnessanddamping,digit
37、alizationdesignandvisualizationdesignofprocessingsystemmadeofgradientfunctionmaterial,etc,sothatthegeneralmechanicslawofelementwhichisunderthecircumstanceofextraordinaryphysicalfieldandmadeofanisotropymulti-dimensiongradientfunctionmaterialisobtained.Nowadays,materialprocessingscienceandtechnologyis
38、forgingrapidlyahead.Aforward-lookingstudyaimingatkeytechnologyproblemofmaterialprocessingmachinewillprovidetheoryandtechnologyreserveformanufacturingscienceandindustryof21stcentury.英文翻译材料制备机械设计理论中的新趋势和新问题摘要:在全面综述材料制备机械技术及设备发展动态的基础上,提出了研究领域的几个新问题和发展方向,如通过集成和融合现代相关前沿科学和技术，生产具有超常和特殊性能的新概念材料等,并进行了简要分析和讨
39、论关键词:界面;超常物理场制备机械沏能材料1.机械材料加工的时代背景在人类进步的一段长时间范围内，许多工具、机械和方法被提出来；不同的原料用不同的工具来加工。原料及其处理过程已经变成了推动人类进步不可缺的一部份。在当前世界中日益激烈的竞争和人们追求幸福生活的今天，物质的功能已经远远超出了人类现有的并不断增长的知识及想象。例如：神秘原料功能，半导体材料，原料能量有吸力的材料，在航空领域中占有70%份额的强力铝合金45um的薄金属片，用各向异性深冲压金属板在1%以下；电子铝箔与强耐热铝合金已经被应用到航空、宇宙及深海领域中，等等；在原料加工加工领域中不同的时间段里，材料重要发展趋势就这样形成了：（
40、1）在特殊的物理领域里制造原料加工机械，是为了能有特殊的质地结构和辅助性的加工功能。例如：运用热能和机械能能够突破科学技术的极限，将一些不常用的能量，例如：微波、化学能、生物能等等，一个接一个的被引入到材料加工中来，因此一些加工特殊能量原材料的加工设备就被制造出来了。（2）突破传统的物质限制，将溶化、凝固、造型一体化，然后加热得到具有特殊功能的原料，这样就可以降低加工费用。例如：材料加工整形技术，比如像快速翻滚，喷雾处理、塑胶成型、喷射造型法、高能量射束等等被应用。（3）原料加工处理正在向高速、重载和高精度在线控制方向上迈进。例如:轧制速度达至J130ms,压力变形已达至j300MPa,尺寸精
41、度达到了0.1um,成型精度已达到O.li；浓度精度已达到O.IMPa。由于这些原因，原料加工机械设备设计理论将科学与技术相关联的领域有机的结合起来设计生产一中新概念材料加工设备是可能的。2 .对于新概念材料加工设备的期望功能（1）要有能力生产具有特殊物质的领域；能传送那些对于新概念材料加工在特定的物质环境下是非常必要的特殊能流。例如：在高温环境下能使那些高温波或者脉冲以超过104106Ks的速度冷却下来；将外表面的凝固、变形合成一体,然后在将超强接触面应力重新组合成新的分界面；融化的大金属薄片的湍流；随机的低频率磁场用于金属末加热的微波、用于大量凝固的超声波等等都已经被应用了。（2）有能力在
42、临界状态下工作，因此高稳定性和理想性能的处理设备是在加强技术条件和室外操作的保证。例如：禁止在润滑状态下边界上的摇晃；在特有的摩擦状态下的抗震能力；有韧性的连接管的合力稳定性和干扰稳定性与轴相比更易驱动系统。（3）有能力精确的控制原料加工而获得低损耗、高功率、高性能的原料加工。例如：精确的在线监测产品成型；在线监测和在线调整产品品质和器具还有在线控制金属、塑胶成型的程序。产品的精确度指数可以列举如下：宏观上精确度可达到O.lum,微观上的晶状体结构非常均匀，浓度误差在0.1MPa。简而言之，拥有特别功能的新概念原料加工设备应该被设计和生产出来。这样的话，那些特别性能的原料就能被处理加工了。3
43、在特殊的物理领域和环境下金属材料加工设备的问题和需要学习的内容由于这些原因和以上提到的背景，如下的一些新的研究主题应该被改进：3.1 连接传热装置和温度应力场的相界面当融化金属处于液体和固体的临界状态时通过连续的变形和快速凝固，一种全新的微观结构可以被获得。在这个非常时刻，高浓度的热流和动态的热阻力在材料加工处理中成了主要事项。关于设计这个设备的基本理论问题是要学习核心传动系统合能量转化和建立数学模型。3.2 材料加工设备表面粘流摩擦力的抑制操作装置和工件的连接是相当复杂的因为粘流阻挡了加工表面界面态由周转速度、热力学处理工作量、操作装置的弹性、工件的可塑性、滑性界面的动态行为、局部水力的润
44、滑油等等来决定。它们影响着材料加工设备抗摩擦装置的成型。因为它们会会强制其产生很大的非线性，这种强制会在瞬间被损坏或者是失谐，最后会导致动态不稳定性。因此提出了以下的问题：机械装置的噪声可能在晃动的界面引起滑动摩擦、不稳定状态；在高速、重教和边界润滑状态下在光滑表面和旋转式喷灌器之间的装置抑制。润滑油薄膜吸收装置和不断再生的表面的物理化学行为；流变学的特征和操作参数之间的关系。3.3 在高压场条件下非线性接触式机械装置在大范围内组建一个超强力压力场是材料加工设备的一个基本功能。当然形成一个大结构的元素也是可能的（例如太空船、大陆洲际间的交通工具、汽车、飞机）。组建一个超强压力场是最重要的特征之
45、一，也是保卫国家独立最基本的装备。在强压力场环境下，接触式和非线性摩擦将会产生；因此将会导致局部的永久的变形和不好的因素。在强压力场下设计过程中，将会涉及到设备的设计新理论，例如：非接触式、非线性摩擦机构。3.4 负荷分配规律关于超静定结构，抑制点的负荷分配规律由相容性条件决定。虽然，关于那些大尺寸的、不定的、静止的结构在真实空间中是自由变化的，但负荷分配规律是不能决定相容性条件。因此新的基础理论由分析接触行为和变形装置获得（例如：摩擦力、变形相容性条件，等等）。3.5 耦合装置和在材料加工系统中物理领域内的稳定性随着系统的功能越来越多元化；许多限制材料加工进度的传统技术正在不断的被改善；系统
46、结构也逐渐变得越来越复杂，系统性能变得越来越好。例如：钢扎厂的快速瞬间反转受弹性形变、粘流、散热处理、水动力润滑处理的，物理化学分子状态的影响。另外，机电的耦合在处理系统中已经超出了传统的概念；例如，一些奇特的现象（微小的变化可以引起很大的变化）已经出现；因此，滚筒操作的不稳定性可能会导致混乱。所以，这个主题将会在机械装置的物理领域中，在处理系统稳定性的影响和加工助剂质量上被提及和充分关注；3.6 技术综合和合并精准的控制在特定的物理条件下进行操作的材料加工设备是一个相当复杂系统，一些系统的参数在领域的边界上也是可以改变的；因此在领域环境下精确的控制与调整，调和尺寸，能量转换，信息传递，界面耦
47、合等等是非常重要的。因为在控制模型中多种交互作用的存在，根据退耦控制模型而建立综合框架是必要的；精确的控制基于综合技术。3.7 优化的和创新的设计基于创新的知识材料加工技术能促进产品的设计质量的提高。最优化的材料加工技术和材料加工设备意味着实现实质的仿真通过类似的设计和一致的设计是我们学习的主题。3.8 在特殊的领域里机械装置的特殊功能和应用一些重要的元素和部分在材料加工设备中常常在强力场、温度场、电磁场和流场中工作，有建造特别物理界面的功能；虽然对那些普通单一的物质象金属、陶瓷等拥有单一的高指数和卓越的总质量是很困难的。因此我们需要在重要部位采用具有新功能的原料；例如：尺度功能有倾向的材料是想当可贵的。由于这些原因，学习基本法律和以上提到的具有这些功能的机械装置；例如：强调分配功能、破坏机理和在特定领域中的设计标准，静态（动态）的硬度和阻尼，模糊设计和明朗设计处理系统构成了有斜度的材料，等等。今天，材料加工科学和技术正在快速的向前发展；把学习的目标瞄准材料加工设备的技术问题将会为21世纪的制造业提供技术支持。
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