1、中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系 别： 工程技术系 专 业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓 名： 学 号： 2012 年 3 月 1 日外文资料翻译译文绞车又称为卷扬机，主要运用于建筑、水利工程、林业、矿山、码头等的物料升降或平拖。是用卷筒缠绕钢丝绳或链条以提升或牵引重物的轻小型起重设备。绞车具有以下特点：通用性高、结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、起重大。使用转移方便，被广泛应用于建筑、水利工程、林业、矿山、码头等的物料升降或平拖，还可作现代化电控自动作业线的配套设备。有0.5吨350吨，分为快速和慢速两种。其中高于20吨的为大吨位绞车,绞车可以单独使用，也可作为起重、筑路和矿井提升等机械中
2、的组成部件，因操作简单、绕绳量大、移置方便而广泛应用。绞车主要技术指标有额定负载、支持负载、绳速、容绳量等。使用转移方便，被广泛应用于建筑、水利工程、林业、矿山、码头等的物料升降或平拖，还可作现代化电控自动作业线的备。有0.5吨350吨，分为快速和慢速两种。其中高于20吨的为大吨位绞车,绞车可以单独使用，也可作为起重、筑路和矿井提升等机械中的组成部件，因操作简单、绕绳量大、移置方便而广泛应用。绞车主要技术指标有额定负载、支持负载、绳速、容绳量等。绞车按照动力分为手动、电动、液压三类。从用途上分类可分为建筑用绞车和船用绞车。绞车按照功能可以分为：船用绞车、工程绞车、矿用绞车、电缆绞车等等。按照卷
3、筒形式分为单卷筒和和双卷筒。按照卷筒的分布形式有并列双卷筒和前后双卷筒，特殊符号的绞车有变频绞车，双筒绞车，手刹杠杆式双制动绞车，带限位器绞车，电控绞车，电控手刹离合绞车，大型双筒双制动绞车，大型外齿轮绞车，大型液压绞车，大型外齿轮带排绳器绞车，双曳引轮绞车，大型液压双筒双制动绞车，变频带限位器绞车。手动绞车的手柄回转的传动机构上装有停止器(棘轮和棘爪)，可使重物保持在需要的位置。装配或提升重物用的手动绞车还应设置安全手柄和制动器。手动绞车一般用在起重量小、设施条件较差或无电源的地方。电动绞车广泛用于工作繁重和所需牵引力较大的场所。单卷筒电动绞车的电动机经减速器带动卷筒，电动机与减速器输入轴之
4、间装有制动器。为适应提升、牵引和回转等作业的需要，还有双卷筒和多卷筒装置的绞车。一般额定载荷低于10T的绞车可以设计成电动绞车。液压绞车主要是额定载荷较大的绞车，一般情况下10T以上到5000T的绞车设计成液压绞车。其结构主要由液压马达（低速或高速马达）、液压常闭多片式制动器、行星齿轮箱、离合器(选配)、卷筒、支撑轴、机架、压绳器(选配)等组成。液压马达具有很高的机械效率，起动扭矩大，并可根据工况要求带不同的配流器，还可根据用户需要设计阀组直接集成于马达配油器上，如带平衡阀、过载阀、高压梭阀、调速换向阀或其他性能的阀组，制动器、行星齿轮箱等直接安装于卷筒内，卷筒、支撑轴、机架根据力学要求设计，
5、整体结构简洁合理并具有足够的强度和刚性。因而该系列绞车在结构上具有紧凑、体积小、重量轻、外形美观等特点，在性能上则具有安全性好、效率高、起动扭矩大、低速稳定性好、噪音小、操作可靠等特点。值得一提的是液压马达高的容积效率和美国SUN公司优质的平衡阀解决了一般绞车都存在的二次下滑和空钩抖动现象，使得该系列液压绞车的提升、下放和制动过程平稳，带离合器的绞车还可实现自由下放。安装于配流盘上的集成阀组则有效地简化了用户的液压系统。由于该系列绞车具备上述优点，使其广泛应用于船舶、铁路、工程机械、石油、地质勘探、冶金等行业，其优良性能得到了用户的认可。例：安装在直升机上的救援设备，主要功用是将人或物吊起、放
6、下，自有动力，可控制，直升机在保持高度悬停时，通过绞车手的控制可收放钢索将人或物吊起放下。绞车必须在安全的情况下使用。(1)绞车必须按规范要求进行设置。其规格净高不低于2.0米净宽为2.4米，净深为2.0米。沿空送巷巷道根据巷道的实际情况而定，以不影响安全操作为原则。(2)绞车施工尽可能采用风镐掘进，根据巷道的不同支护型式可采用木棚或工字钢棚支护。顶板完好时采用锚网支护，顶板破碎时采用架棚支护。(3)11.4KW小绞车基础均要采用砼浇注，其基础规格为1.01.01.0米。砼中水泥、黄沙、石子(瓜子片)的配合比为1：2：2；水灰 比为0.4。(4)绞车采用架棚支护时，要由外向里逐架进行，棚与棚之
7、间要用撑木或拉杆连成一个整体，腰、帮要接严背实。棚距不超过0.7米。采用锚网支护时，锚杆的排间距为800800mm。(5)绞车电机应安装在小绞车窝的里侧，操作空间距不得少于0.8米；操作按纽上架，开关摆放整齐且不得妨碍人员操作。(6)其它按作业规程中的有关规定执行。在后来，天车一词进入人类的眼中。桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机，又称天车。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成一矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。 桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、码头和露天贮料场等处。桥式起重
8、机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易粱桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架，通常为焊接结构。 起重机运行机构的驱动方式可分为两大类：一类为集中驱动，即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮；另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一
9、驱动方式，大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整，驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。 起重机运行机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮，如果起重量很大，常用增加车轮的办法来降低轮压。当车轮超过四个时，必须采用铰接均衡车架装置，使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。 桥架的金属结构由主粱和端粱组成，分为单主粱桥架和双粱桥架两类。单主粱桥架由单根主粱和位于跨度两边的端粱组成，双粱桥架由两根主粱和端粱组成。 主粱与端粱刚性连接，端粱两端装有车轮，用以支承桥架在高架上运行。主粱上焊有轨道，供起重小车运行。桥架主粱的结构类型较多比较典型的有箱形结构、四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。 箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双粱、偏轨箱形双
10、粱、偏轨箱形单主粱等几种。正轨箱形双粱是广泛采用的一种基本形式，主粱由上、下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上，它的结构简单，制造方便，适于成批生产，但自重较大。 偏轨箱形双粱和偏轨箱形单主粱的截面都是由上、下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方。四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构，在上水平桁架表面一般铺有走台板，自重轻，刚度大，但与其他结构相比，外形尺寸大，制造较复杂，疲劳强度较低，已较少生产。空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主粱，由四片钢板组成一封闭结构，除主腹板为实腹工字形粱外，其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口，形成一个无斜杆的空腹
11、桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面铺有走台板，起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部，自重较轻，整体刚度大，这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。 普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动，一般是在司机室内操纵，也有远距离控制的。起重量可达五百吨，跨度可达60米。简易梁桥式起重机又称粱式起重机，其结构组成与普通桥式起重机类似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均较小。桥架主粱是由工字钢或其他型钢和板钢组成的简单截面粱，用手拉葫芦或电动葫芦配上简易小车作为起重小车，小车一般在工字粱的下翼缘上运行。桥架可以沿高架上的轨道运行，也可沿悬吊在高架下面的轨道运行，这种起重机称为悬挂粱式起重机。 外文原文The winch is also
12、known as the winch, mainly used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop. A winding drum is used for winding wire ropes or chains to enhance or draft light small lifting equipment.Winch has the following characteristics: high
13、versatility, compact structure, small volume, light weight, great. The use of convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make the modern automatic production line equipment. There ar
14、e 0.5 tons to 350 tons, divided into fast and slow two. Among the above 20 tons of large tonnage winch, the winch can be used alone, can also be used as lifting, road and the mine lifting and other machinery components, because has the advantages of simple operation, large quantity, convenient windi
15、ng displacement and wide application. Winch main technical indicators have rated load, load, rope speed, Rong Sheng etc. The use of convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make th
16、e modern automatic production line equipment. There are 0.5 tons to 350 tons, divided into fast and slow two. Among the above 20 tons of large tonnage winch, the winch can be used alone, can also be used as lifting, road and the mine lifting and other machinery components, because has the advantages
17、 of simple operation, large quantity, convenient winding displacement and wide application. Winch main technical indicators have rated load, load, rope speed, Rong Sheng etc.Winch according to power is divided into manual, electric, hydraulic three class. From the use of classification can be divide
18、d into building winch and marine winch. Winch according to the function can be divided into: Marine winch, winch, winch in mine engineering, cable winch. According to the web form is divided into single and double drum reelAccording to the distribution form of the reel drum and before and after the
19、double drum winch, special symbols with frequency conversion winch, double drum winch, handbrake lever type double brake winch, with restrictor winch, electric winch, electric winch brake clutch, large double cylinder double brake winch, a large gear winch, hydraulic winch, large external gear belt
20、rope guider winch, a traction wheel winch, hydraulic double cylinder double brake winch, winch frequency band limiter.Manual winch handle rotary drive mechanism is provided with a stopping device ( a ratchet and pawl ), can be maintained in the desired position. Assembly or lifting heavy with manual
21、 winch should also set safety handle and brake. Manual winch in weight is small, infrastructure condition is poorer or the place without power. Electric winch is widely used for heavy work and need for traction force larger venues. Single drum winch drum is driven by the motor speed reducer, motor a
22、nd the input shaft of the reducer is arranged between the brake. In order to adapt to the lift, traction and rotary operation needs, and double drum and drum winch. General load rating less than 10T winch can be designed into electric winch.The hydraulic winch is rated load large winch, in general m
23、ore than 10T to 5000T design into a hydraulic winch. Its structure is mainly composed of a hydraulic motor ( high and low speed hydraulic motor ), normally closed multi-disc brake, planetary gearbox, clutch ( optional), reel, a supporting shaft, a rope pressing device, ( optional). The hydraulic mot
24、or has high mechanical efficiency, big starting torque, and according to the requirements of working conditions with different distributor, can also be based on user need to design valves directly integrated in motor oil distributor, such as belt balance valve, valve shuttle valve, pressure overload
25、 speed control valve or other properties of the valve, brake, planetary gear box are installed directly on the drum, drum, the support shaft, frame according to the mechanical requirements of the design, the whole structure is simple and reasonable and has sufficient strength and rigidity. Thus the
26、 series winch has compact in structure, small volume, light weight, the characteristics of beautiful appearance, performance, good security, high efficiency, big starting torque, low speed stability, low noise, reliable operation and other characteristics. It is worth mentioning that the hydraulic m
27、otor with high volumetric efficiency and the United States of America SUN company quality balance valve solves the winch has the two decline and empty hook chattering phenomenon, which makes the series hydraulic winch lifting, transfer to a lower level and smooth braking process, clutch winch can re
28、alize free release. Installed in the valve plate on the integrated valve block is effectively simplifies the users hydraulic system. As the series winch has the advantages, it is widely used in ships, engineering machinery, railway, petroleum, geology, metallurgy and other industries, its excellent
29、performance has been recognized by the user. Example: installed on helicopters, rescue equipment, main function is to people or things up, down, its own power, can control the helicopter in hover, maintain high, through the hand winch control retractable cable will lift down the person or thing.Winc
30、h must be under the circumstance of safety use. In 1, a winch must be standardized requirements set. Its specifications clear height of not less than 2 meters width of 2.4 meters, 2 meters deep into the net. The roadway along goaf roadway tunnel according to the actual situation, in does not affect
31、the safe operation principle. 2, as far as possible using the pneumatic driving winch construction, according to the different types of supporting roadway with wood shed or steel roof support. Roof intact when the anchor net support, broken roof using the shelf supporting 3, 11.4KW small winch found
32、ation are to be used in concrete pouring, the basic specifications for 1 x 1 x 1 meters. Concrete cement, sand, stones ( melon slice ) with ratio of 1: 2: 2; the water cement ratio of 0.4. In 4, the winch shed supporting, should from outward by frame sheds, is used between the brace or rod as a whol
33、e, waist, help to meet strict back. Shed distance does not exceed 0.7 metres. The anchor net support, anchor of the row spacing of 800 x 800mm. In 5, the winch motor should be installed in the small winch fossa side, operating space distance of not less than 0.8 meters; the operation button switch o
34、n, neatly and shall not hinder the personnel to operate. 6, other operating in accordance with the relevant provisions of the rules.In the later, crane word entered the human eye. Overhead bridge crane is a bridge in the orbit of a bridge type crane, also known as crane. Bridge crane bridge laying o
35、n both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge on the laying of the track in the horizontal run, the scope of work constitutes a rectangle, you can take full advantage of the lifting bridge the space below the material, the hindered from ground equipment.
36、Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor storage, factories, docks and outdoor storage yard. Bridge crane bridge crane can be divided into general bridge crane, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special bridge crane. General by the general bridge crane lifting trolley, bridge ru
37、n organization, structure and composition of metal bridge. The crab by the hoisting mechanism, a carriage running mechanism and a trolley frame is composed of three parts. The lifting mechanism comprises a motor, brake, reducer, drum and pulley blocks. Motor through reducer, drives the drum to rotat
38、e, so that the rope around the drum or from the roll down, to lift heavy objects. The trolley frame is a support and installation of lifting mechanism and operation of institutions such as car chassis components, usually welded structure.Cranes operation mechanism driving method can be divided into
39、two categories: one category for centralized drive, which uses an electric motor to drive the long drive shaft to drive the active wheel of both sides; another kind is respectively drive, namely active on both sides of the wheels with a motor driver. In small bridge crane, more use of brake, reducer
40、 and motor are combined into one of the three in one drive, great weight of general overhead traveling crane for ease of installation and adjustment, adopt universal shaft driving device.Crane operation is generally only used four driving and driven wheels, if the great weight, commonly used to incr
41、ease the wheel to reduce the wheel pressure. When the wheel is more than four, must use articulated balance frame device, so that the crane load uniformly distributed on each wheel.Bridge structure of the metal by Lord Liang Heduan beam composition, divided into single beam bridge and double beam br
42、idge of the two kind. Single beam bridge by a single main beam and is located to span on both sides of the end beam, double beam bridge consists of two main Liang Heduan beam.Main girder and end girder rigid connection, end beam with both ends of the wheel, in order to support the bridge in an eleva
43、ted running. The main beam is welded on the track, for lifting trolley. Bridge main beam structure type is more typically the box structure, the four truss structure and Vierendeel truss.Box structure can be divided into track double box girder, bias rail box double beam, bias rail box single beam o
44、f. Track double box beam is widely used in a basic form, main beam, the lower flange plate and both sides of the vertical web component, trolley rail are arranged in the upper flange of the center line, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, is suitable for batch producti
45、on, but the large self-weight.Bias rail box double beam and the bias rail box single beam section is composed of an upper, lower flange plate and the vice principal of unequal thickness of web component, trolley rail is arranged in the main web.Four truss frame structure by four plane trusses are co
46、mbined into a closed space structure, in the horizontal truss surface generally paved with walking board, light weight, high rigidity, but comparing with other structure, large size, manufacturing complex, a low fatigue strength, has less production.Vierendeel truss structure similar to bias-rail bo
47、x main girder, composed of four pieces of steel plate to form a closed structure, in addition to the main web for solid abdominal I-shaped beam, the remaining three pieces of steel plate according to the requirement of the design cut into many windows, forming a diagonal rod vierendeel truss, the ho
48、rizontal truss under surface, paved walking board, crane traveling mechanism and electrical equipment installed in the tray, lighter weight, integral rigidity, which in China is relatively widespread adoption of a type.General bridge crane is mainly driven by electric power, generally in the driver
49、room, also has a remote control. Lifting capacity up to five hundred tons, the span of up to 60 meters. Simple beam bridge crane and bridge type crane, its structure and the general bridge crane lifting weight, similar, span and working speed are small. Bridge main beam is made of steel or other type of steel and steel plate composed of simple girder with electric hoist, NRK hyacinth
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